User:Sophiepak27

Sandbox practice page for environmental politics and policy course at CMU, currently working on a draft version of the improvement of the Wikipedia page about Electricity sector in the Netherlands.

= The electricity sector in the Netherlands = The electricity sector in the Netherlands exists out of several components, with each a specific set of stakeholders. These main components are generation, transmission, distribution and retail of electricity.

Before 1998 utilities were allowed to own a electricity network and sell the electricity at the same time. This gave companies that owned the network unfair advantages over companies that were only active in the retail of electricity. Therefore, in 1998, the electricity sector in the Netherlands was restructured with the introduction of the Electricity Act. This Act demanded the decoupling between utilities and electricity supply. Generation and retail of electricity in the Netherlands were liberalized. However, the transmission and distribution were and are still centralized and operated by the system operator and the utilities. The system operator and utilities have a monopoly position in the energy market. Therefore, to guarantee the rights of consumers and businesses in the electricity sector, these parties have to be regulated. To accomplish this, in 2013 the Authority for Consumers and Markets was founded.

The system operator, TenneT, is the only stakeholder responsible for managing the high-voltage grid (between a voltage of 110 kV to 380 kV) in the Netherlands. There are seven utility companies that own the regional energy grids: Cogas Infra en Beheer B.V., Enduris B.V., Enexis B.V.,Liander N.V., Stedin B.V. and Westland Infra Netbeheer B.V.

The total electricity consumption of the Netherlands in 2013 is 119 billion kWh. The consumption grew from 7 billion in 1950 with an average of 4.5% per year. Currently, the main resources for electricity in the Netherlands are fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal. In 2012, fossil fuels accounted for 81& of the produced electricity. However, renewable energy sources, such as biomass, wind energy and solar energy, produce 12% of the total electricity. There is one nuclear plant in the Netherlands, in Borssele, which is responsible for about 3.5% of total generation. The majority of the electricity, more than 60%, is produced centrally by thermal and nuclear units.

During 2005–2008 the Netherlands imported 13–15% of its electricity. After 2008, however, the share of imported electricity went down drastically. In 2009, the Netherlands became even a net exporter of electricity. Then, in 2011, the import balance increased again sharply. This development continued in 2012 and 2013. From 56,1 PJ in 2010, to almost twice the amount in 2015: 110,7 PJ. The cause of the increase in electricity imports has to do with the development of energy prices. The natural gas price rose sharply in 2011 and 2012, the price of coal rose again in 2011, but fell sharply in 2012 and 2013. Additionally,, in neighbouring countries, the supply of cheap electricity rose relatively strongly, which made it more attractive to import the electricity.

Electricity per person and by power source
In 2008 the Netherlands consumed electricity in average 7,463 kWh/person that was equal to EU15 average (EU15: 7,409 kWh/person). In 2014, this 6,713 kWh/person, which is a decrease of 10 % compared to 2008.

Coal-based power generation
The Netherlands has seven coal-fired plants. Three new coal-fired plants were opened in the 2015-2016. Two in the Maasvlakte and on in the Eemshaven last year. At the same time three old plants were closed down in Nijmegen, Borssele and Geertruidenberg. Additionally, two other plants (Maasvlakte I and II) are planned to be closed before the first of July, 2017. A discussion is taking place on what to do with the operational five coal-fired plants, whether they should be closed down or not. However, according to the government the remaining five plants should stay open because the Netherlands depends on the energy produced by these coal-fired plants. The table shows an overview of the operational and recently closed/opened coal-fired power plants in the Netherlands, in 2017.

Use
According to IEA the electricity use (gross production + imports – exports – transmission/distribution losses) in 2008 in the Netherlands was 119 TWh. In 2014, the electricity use decreased to 113 TWh. The electricity generated by wind energy increased from 1990 to 2013 by an average of 19 % per year to 2,713 MW. In 2013, wind energy generates 9 % of the total electricity power in the Netherlands – compared to the 3.9 % in 2009. The wind capacity installed at end 2010 will, in a normal wind year, produces 4,1% of the total electricity, while the equivalent value for Germany is 9,4%, Portugal 14%, and Denmark 39% in 2014.

The Netherlands has three connections with Germany and two with Belgium, both alternating current power lines. Additionally, it has direct current (HVDC) submarine power cables to Norway (since 2008), the 700 MW NorNed cable, and one with England (since 2011), a 1,000 MW BritNed cable. In the near future, a further internationalization of the electricity market is expected. TenneT aims to connect with Denmark, which would be a 700 MW cable. Possibilities to connect wind farms to this cable are being looked into. In addition, a fourth connection with Germany is being realized.

Global warming
The total emissions of carbon dioxide per capita in 2007 were 11,1 tons CO2. This compares to EU 27 average 7,9 tons CO2. Emissions grew between 1990 and 2007 with 16,4%. However, compared between 2002 and 2012, the emission per capita had decreased with 6,1%, to 10,4 ton CO2. Additionally, the IEA showed that for a longer time period, from 1990 to 2012, there is a decrease in emissions with 8%, while GDP grew by around 50% in this same period. Emissions per capita in the OECD countries exceeded the Netherlands only in Czech Republic 11,8, Finland 12,2, Canada 17,4, Australia 18,8, USA 19,1 and Luxembourg 22,4.

Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth
On the sixth of September 2013 representatives from the Dutch government, environmentalists and the energy sector – in total 47 different parties – signed the Energy Agreement. This agreement contains plans for investing in energy conservation and renewable energy generation. It will delivers tens of thousands of new jobs, improves industry competitiveness and increases exports. Additionally, the stakeholders agreed that 16% of the energy in 2023 should be generated by renewable energy. Five coal-fired plants, which were built the eighties, should be closed in 2016 and 2017. The other remaining five coal-fired plants would remain open and are used for co-firing of biomass, a 4 billion euro measure, which would contribute 1,2% of the total production of renewable energy. This agreement was a major breakthrough in the debate about climate change in the Netherlands, because it not only had provided a clear set of policies for sustainable growth, but was also supported by the main stakeholders.

Resistance Energy Agreement
However, not everybody supported the Energy Agreement. Urgenda – an environmental organization – did not sign the agreement. According to Urgenda the agreement is a weak compromise without any sense of urgency, therefore they summoned the Dutch government on the 20th of November 2013.They accused the Dutch state of acting unlawfully by not contributing its proportional share to preventing global warming. The hearing of the case of Urgenda versus the the Dutch government took place on the 14th April 2015. Then, on 24th June 2015, the verdict came; Urgenda won the case. The Dutch government was required to take more effective climate action in reducing the Netherlands’ considerable share in global emissions. This was the first time that a judge had legally required a State to take precautions against climate change. Even though, many politicians asked for action instead of delaying the transition to a more sustainable society, the government still goes in appeal against the verdict. The reason, according to the government, is that they question the way the court assessed their policy. They promised, however, that new measures to comply with the verdict would still be carried out. Also Urgenda described it a delaying tactic. Additionally, 28,000 citizens signed a petition that the government should accept the verdict and not go in appeal against it.

Debate about closure of coal-firing plants
Then, in October 2015 the National Energy Exploration showed that the measures set by the agreement would fail in reaching the goals set by the Energy agreement. Many politicians lost their confidence in the agreement and demanded an additional set of measures. In December 2015, the majority of the Dutch House of Representatives voted that all Dutch coal-firing plants should be closed in the nearby future. A policy contradiction was created; closing the additional coal-firing plants would simultaneously go against the the Energy Agreement, because it would make the co-firing of biomass impossible. Additionally, three new coal plants were just finished and costed 1,5 billion euros each. However, the politicians suggested to use the subsidies for co-firing biomass as compensation to close the new coal-firing plants.

Since the motion of Urgenda, the Cabinet and other involved parties have been negotiating possible solutions. Nuon, the Dutch subsidiary of the Swedish company Vattenfall, which owns the Hemwegcentrale, stated to be open for discussion about the closure of the plant. Essent, the owner of Eemshavencentrale, on the other hand, sought the confrontation; they believed that the closure of the plants would only work counterproductive in reaching the energy goals. Minister Kamp, the minister of Economic Affairs, promised that in the autumn of 2016 a decision will be made by the Dutch government. This decision could lead to another large breakthrough in policies for the energy sector in the Netherlands.

In January 2016, as planned, the three oldest coal-firing plants were closed, in Nijmegen, Borssele and Geertruidenberg. Two more closures are scheduled for the first of July in 2017: Maasvlakte I en II.

Current status Energy Agreement debate
In the end of January, 2017, minister Kamp sent a letter to the Dutch House of Representatives, that no decision will be made by this cabinet on the closure of the remaining five coal plants. Instead of a concrete plan, the minister sent a study to the Lower House, which he had carried out by the German research agency Frontier Economics, as well as the final advice of the individual members of the advisory group with whom the minister had been constantly consulted on this matter. These include VNO-NCW, FNV, environmental organizations and the VEMW. They did not agree on a common position and hence the difficult issue of the coal-fired power stations will be passed over the elections, which took place the 15th of March, 2017.