User:Sothyroth/sandbox

SAM OEURN SOTHYROTH'«សំអឿន សុធីរត្ន័»(สอมเอือน​ สุธีรัตน์) Was born in February,08 1989 at Phnom Penh, Capital of Cambodia. He is an Environmentalist. His first publication as his thesis is Greenhouse Gases Mitigation Potential and Economic Benefit of Waste. This is the first Bachular degree of Cambodia student to presents practical methods for analyzing waste compositions, waste characteristics, and calculating methane emission from Dang Kor landfill, Phnom Penh. We also principally estimated benefits deriving from solid waste through some available mechanisms including recycling, reuse, and recovery. On top of these, a set of experimentation on waste compositions and nutrients in organic waste and IPCC calculation method (1996).

Personal life
SAM OEURN SOTHYROTH is third son in the family with two older brother and one younger sister.

Education
1995 Toul Svay Prey Primary School, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2000 Toul Svay Prey Secondary School, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2003 Toul Tom Pong High School, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2007-2011 Bachular Degree of Environmental Science at Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 2012-2014 Master Degree of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at Burapha University, Thailand.

Career
2012 Environmental Specialist, Green Creative Design Company 2012 Officer of Ministry of Environment.

Research
•2011, Green House Gas Mitigation Potential and Economic Benefit of Solid Waste, Research Thesis. •2006, Digital Compendium of Forestry Species of Cambodia, “DIGITAL SPECIES”, a computer application with forestry datasheet compilation.

Introduction
The generation of solid waste has been due in large part to the changing of life style, industrial expansion, population growth and economic development. Practically, Asian countries have adopted the linear system (waste generation, collection, transportation, and disposal) to manage the perpetual increasing of solid waste and as a result, this system can induce deleterious effects on both the environmental and economic benefits. More seriously, the solid waste in landfill is the main culprit of methane emission. According to Juha-Kalle et al., (2007), the methane emission from landfill represents 10-20% of the total methane emission from human activities.

In responding to the above-mentioned problems, the developing countries has recently implemented particular management mechanisms such as composting, recycling, reuse, recovery, bio-digester, and incinerator etc. (Mufeed et al., 2007). Among those, 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycling) were the leading means on account of its simple steps of practicing, and suitable for landfill management in low income countries (SDI, 2008 & AIT/UNEP, 2010). Overall, this paper aims at a) analyzing waste composition b) analyzing nutrients of organic wastes c) estimating GHGs emission from landfill and d) analyzing the potentiality of applying the reuse, recovery and recycling mechanisms. In order to accomplish these objectives, the materials and methods are described below.

Materials and Methods
Dang Kor Landfill, located in Phnom Penh City, was chosen to be the site study as it is currently the only new landfill that is loading waste from all eight Khans around the city. The main objective of this study is to estimate the potentiality of methane emission reduction and economic benefits of solid waste. In order to fulfill this objective, waste composition, organic waste experiment, and calculation of methane emission were conducted. The study used both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected by questionnaire survey, waste composition, and organic waste experiment. The secondary data was gathered through intensive literature review of previous research studies, reports, and relevant documents. The detail methodologies of this study were as follow:

Questionnaire Survey
The questionnaire was designed to interview scavengers in Dang Kor landfill. It was classified into two categories, day and night time scavengers. The sample size was calculated by using Taro formula with 5% inaccuracy and the process of interview was taken by Stratify Random Sampling to get 169 samples.

Waste Composition
The composition of waste was done three times, two in the dry season and another in rainy season. It was undertaken under four different steps below: •	Collected waste from eight Khans with 12.5 Kilograms each, total 100 Kilograms •	Mixed all together then separate it into four pieces and mark A, B, C, D •	Mixed A with D, total 50 Kilogram •	Classified into 7 different categories (Organic waste, plastic, paper, glass, Fe, cloth, and others) •	Weighted and jotted down the amount of each type

Organic Waste Experiment
The organic waste experiment was taken to identify moisture content and nutrients (N, P, and K). It was packed with a plastic bag and put on the ice. The moisture content, N, P, and K were conducted the experiment for four times.

FOD Formulation
The FOD formula was reviewed from IPCC guideline 1996. There are some variable below:

Where: MCF: Methane Correction Factor. It varies based on landfill depth and waste disposal method. The MCF value of Dang Kor landfill is 0.8 due to its depth (deeper than 9m) DOC*: Degradable Organic Carbon. Its value fluctuated base on organic waste composition. DOCF¬: Fraction of Methane Correction Factor, 0.77 is given as the default value F: Fraction of Methane in Landfill, 0.5 is the default value *DOC (%) = 0.4A + ០.17B + 0.15C + 0.3D The percentage of each classified waste in Dang Kor landfill: - A: paper and rag (16%) - B: leave, dry hey, and straw (12%) - C: fruit and vegetable (12.4%) - D: wood (0.6%) → DOC of Dang Kor landfill = 0.122 Thus, Methane generation potential in Dang Kor landfill = 0.8 × 0.122 × 0.77 × 0.5 × 16/12 = 0.05 Gg CH4/Gg Waste
 * 1Gg = 1000 tone

So, CH4 emissions from landfill = CH4 potential (Gg) × waste disposal to landfill (Gg)

Waste composition and chemical characteristics
Figure below shows the proportion of waste composition at the study site. Organic waste represents the highest component (48.8%), following by the plastic (17.8%), paper (13%), and clothes (11.9%). This can provide job opportunity to poor families about 292 places, both rural and urban area by recycling and reusing wastes. This figure is comparable with the data of recycling waste in the large city of India which provides about 22000 jobs to poor people and reduce raw material (AIT, 2008). Figure 3.1 Waste compositions

Waste chemical characteristics in table 3.1 highlight experimental value of moisture content, N, P, and K. According to Seema (2007), the standard value of N and K is (0.5-0.8%). For Dang Kor landfill, the percentage of both N and K is not up to standard value (1.6%). However, this non-standard value of N and K can be advantageous for composting mechanism. Lastly, moisture content and P element of the study site is acceptable comparing to the standard value of solid waste. Table 3.1 Waste Chemical Characteristics Waste Chemical Characteristics  Average value (%)  Standard value* (%) moisture content                   78.1	         77-87 N	                            1.6	        0.5-0.7 P	                            0.5	        0.5-0.8 K	                            1.6          	0.5-0.8

Source*: Seema (2007) ; Serkan na et al. (2007)

Reuse, Recycling and Recovery Mechanisms
Reuse In Dang Kor landfill, about 292 scavengers have reused some types of waste including glasses, clothes, spoon, knife, plate, and others. Among these types, clothes are the highest (38.17%). This high percentage is due to two main reasons: 1).The price of clothes at the market is too high comparing to the income 2).The disposal clothes are still in good condition. Contrastingly, the least amount of recyclable waste is knife (0.32%). Thus, the reuse mechanism slightly contributes to the reduction of waste from landfill in this current situation. Recyclable waste Waste more than 400,000 tones are disposed every year to Dang Kor landfill, in which about 14,000 (3.57%) tone is collected by scavengers for recycling purpose. This recyclable material includes plastic, paper, Al, Fe, milk bottle, ozone, rubber, and others (mango, seed, and sack). Among these, plastic is the highest one (75.25%).

Recovery

Waste recovery can be done by many strategies such as composting, bio-digester, and incineration etc. All of these methods significantly contribute to waste reduction and GHGs emission, and offer economic benefits to the adopter (Erickson et al., 2004; Version, 2007; IPTs, 1999). According to Rogger et al., (2010), composting is suitable for landfill waste management in Asia region. Hence, in 2010, if the total amounts of organic waste in Dang Kor landfill were used as input for composting, more than 20,000 tons of compost will produced and this can reduce waste quantity about 199,000 tones, and generate more than $990,000 of income from carbon credit selling. The detail of composting and income generation from 2004-2010 is provided in table 3.2 below.

Year   disposal(t) organic waste(t) composting(t)  reducing from compost(t) carbon credit Income($) 2004	260586	     127165.97	      14129.54	         133420.03	        635829.8 2005	274634	      134021.39	      14891.26	         140612.61	        670106.7 2006	326961	      159556.97	      17728.55	         167404.03	        797784.8 2007	343657	      167704.62	      18633.84	         175952.38	        838522.8 2008	361833	      176574.5	      19619.38	         185258.5	        882872.1 2009	393141	      191852.81	      213116.97	         201288.19	        959263.7 2010	409335	      199755.48	      22195.05	         209579.52	        998777.3 Table 3.2 Compost and income generation from waste

Likewise, bio-digester mechanism can produce more benefit than composting owing to methane generation from each digester and carbon trading. Two different bio-digesters (Continuous-load digester and Batch-load digester) were used to demonstrate the potential of Dang Kor landfill waste in applying digester mechanism. Please, find each result of both digesters in table 3.3 & 3.4 that clarify of the amount of CH4 generation and income from carbon trading. Table 3.3 CH4 generation from two bio-digesters Year organic(t)  continuous-load(kt)   batch-load(kt)  Continuous-load (ktCO2eq)   Batch-load(ktCO2e) 2004	127165.9	13.98	          20.34	        93.75	              427.27 2005	134021.3	14.74	           21.44	       309.58	              450.31 2006	159556.9	17.55	           25.52	       368.57	              536.12 2007	167704	        18.44	           26.83	       387.39	              563.48 2008	176574.5	19.42	           28.25	       407.88	              593.29 2009	191852.8	21.11	           30.69	       443.18	              644.62 2010	199755.4	21.97	           31.96	       461.43	              671.71

Table 3.4 Income from Carbon credit (CC) Year	Continuous-load digester(tCO2eq) CC 1t = 8$	batch-load digester(tCO2eq) CC 1t = 8$ 2004	     293753.4	                 2350027.1	       427277.65	     3418221.2 2005	      309589.4	                 2476715.3	       450311.87	     3602495.1 2006	      368576.6	                 2948612.7	       536111.41	     4288891.3 2007	      387397.7	                 3099181.3	       563487.50	     4507900.1 2008	      407887.1	                 3263096.8	       593290.33	     4746322.6 2009	      443180	                 3545439.9	       644625.43	     5157003.4 2010	      461435.2	                 3691481.3	       671178.41	     5369427.3

Methane calculation
After applying IPCC calculation method (1996) to calculate methane emissions from landfill, it was shown that its amount increases every year from 2004 to 2010, and continues to increase in the upcoming year. This increasing of methane emission  took place as the amount of solid waste rose. Undoubtedly, Dang Kor landfill emitted about 19.1Gg in 2009 and up to 20.46Gg in 2010.

Figure 3.4 CH4 emissions from landfill

*Methane emissions from Dang Kor Landfill

This research has featured out the potential to reduce GHGs after using both composting and digester tools. We can see that GHGs can be reduced about less than half of the total emission from landfill in each year of applying composting method. In 2009, GHGs emissions were cut down 117.03 ktCO2eq and 121.85 ktCO2eq in 2010 from atmosphere, if the mechanisms were to apply. Similarly, the amount of methane generation from digester is comparable to the total CH4 emissions from landfill. For this reason, digester is the better option for landfill waste management which is effectively to reduce GHGs. Figure 3.5 & 3.6 will display the potential of composting and bio-digester to cut down the high GHGs in the atmosphere.

Figure 3.5 Comparison of methane emissions and GHGs reduction from composting

Figure 3.6 Comparison of methane emissions and GHGs reduction from 2 digesters

Conclusions and Recommendations
The study on the potential to reduce GHGs and economic benefit from solid waste in landfill has shown that organic waste represents the major fraction (>48%) over others such as plastic, paper, cloth, glass, Fe and others. Moreover, it was found that moisture content, and phosphorous rate are complied with solid waste standard value except nitrogen and potassium. Furthermore, the study also found out that the recycling adopted by scavengers in landfill contributed to waste reduction about 3.57% per day while reuse was done among the scavengers for just only domestic need. Therefore reuse was slightly contributed to waste reduction. Regarding to landfill methane emission, about 19.1Gg was emitted in 2009 while the emission in year 2010 was 20.46Gg. This increasing corresponded to the growing of waste quantity. Finally, the study significantly estimated the amount of waste as well as GHGs reductions through applying composting and bio-digester mechanism. The result pointed out that composting reduced almost 210,000 tons of total waste per year while GHGs more than 121 ktCO2eq was reduced. In terms of economic benefit, the selling of carbon credit from composting generated about USD 990,000 per year. Turning to bio-digester method, it was demonstrated that Continues-load digester has capacity to reduce methane radiation more than 400 ktCO2eq per year at the time Batch-load digester reduced more than 671 ktCO2eq. This particular reduction can generate over USD 5,400,000 and USD 3,700,000 respectively through carbon trading. Base on this result, it was concluded that bio-digester has high potential in methane emission reduction. Take everything into account, Dang Kor landfill should be applied both or one of the alternative mechanisms mentioned above.

Award
2007 Scholarship for outstanding student from Cambodia Government in Bacholar Degree. 2012 Scholarship from Princess Sirinthorn for Master Degree in Thailand.

Work with Environment Protection
•In recent years I have been dedicated my effort to the field practices such as data collection, interviewing, coordination roles. With that I can interact with various potential institutions such as: Royal University of Phnom Penh. •The founder of Communication Unit for the Cambodia Environmental Alumni. Major terms of reference including: perform daily management of the unit, support network, and documentation. •In respect of Environmental management, I have almost 4 years’ experience as a facilitator. I also organized the first Environmental Network, which was a significant event bringing together various researchers and stakeholders in the field of natural resource management, research and development. The aim is to exchange experience and lessons learned.

•I have been devoting to the data collection and management. From the data gathering at the field level to the integration with computer software such as SPSS and other popular database software, I am confidence in data analysis and synthesis.

Short Course and Tranning
Participated in many short courses like: Journalism skill, facilitation skill, Geographical Information System, Research design, Information Management, etc. These courses have contributed to the development of my hybrid professional capacity along with the learning-by-doing experience:

•Training on ‘The Overview of Climate Change Science and Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping’ from Royal University of Phnom Penh •Professional training program on ‘Basic Industrial Technic and Management’ conducted by the Department of Small and Medium Business Corporation, the Republic of Korea. •‘Leadership Skill’ training course for a potential leader at Youth Resource Development Program. •‘Community Organization’ training for establishing the community-based organization at Youth Resource Development Program. •Training Course on ‘Social Accountability’, this intensive capacity building program provides the opportunity to learn about the tools of social accountability for good governance •‘Participatory Community Research’, at Youth Resource Development Program. •‘Personal Development’ training course for effective decision making, provided by Young Resource Development Program