User:Spacepotato/b

Chemical/alchemical processes

 * Amalgamation
 * Assation (roasting)
 * Roasting known to Zosimos (p. 28,, ISBN 0486262987, Alchemy, Holmyard)
 * Calcination
 * Known to Zosimus (p. 14,, ISBN 0674396596)
 * also see, p. 23, ISBN 0486659771
 * Holmyard: In alchemy, calcination is the reduction of solid to powder by heat. This may or may not involve oxidation.  See p. 45,, ISBN 0486262987, Alchemy, Holmyard.
 * Ceration
 * In alchemy, when a solid is changed to be soft and waxy. See Needham, p. 9, §33, vol. V:4,, ISBN 052108573X.
 * Congelation/Coagulation
 * Crystallization
 * Known to the Alexandrian chemists, see, p. 23, ISBN 0486659771
 * Cupellation
 * Known to Zosimus (p. 14,, ISBN 0674396596)
 * Digestion
 * Dissolution/Solution
 * Known to Zosimus (p. 14,, ISBN 0674396596)
 * also see, p. 23, ISBN 0486659771
 * Distillation (also Destructive distillation, Dry distillation, Steam distillation)
 * Distillation known to Zosimus (p. 14,, ISBN 0674396596)
 * also see, p. 23, ISBN 0486659771
 * Evaporation
 * Fermentation/Putrefaction
 * Filtration
 * Known to Zosimus (p. 14,, ISBN 0674396596)
 * also see, p. 23, ISBN 0486659771
 * Fixation
 * In alchemy, the rendering of a volatile substance solid.
 * Mentioned by Zosimos. see p. 29, http://books.google.com/books?id=2OiHAAAAIAAJ (A History of Chemistry from Earliest Times to the Present Day, Ernst von Meyer and George McGowan, Macmillan, 3rd ed., 1906.)
 * Fusion
 * Known to the Alexandrian chemists, see, p. 23, ISBN 0486659771
 * Lavage
 * Liquefaction
 * Mixture
 * Multiplication
 * In alchemy, a process where the potency of the philosopher's stone is augmented. See p. 18,, ISBN 0521796628.
 * Oxidisation
 * Precipitation
 * Known in the Hellenistic period (p. 9, Needham, volume V:4,, ISBN 052108573X)
 * Projection
 * In alchemy, the transmutation of base metals by the philosopher's stone. See p. 18,, ISBN 0521796628.
 * Purification
 * Sublimation
 * In chemistry, the phase transition from solid to gas. In alchemy, distillation in which the solid distilled material gives off gas which then returns to the solid phase.  See p. 18,, ISBN 0521796628.
 * Known to Zosimus (p. 14,, ISBN 0674396596)
 * also see, p. 23, ISBN 0486659771
 * Water purification


 * A short history of chemistry, Partington, 3e, Courier Dover, 1989, ISBN 0486659771,, p. 23: "The Greek chemical treatises contain some interesting practical chemical information, which appears in them for the first time, and also many diagrams of chemical apparatus (Fig. 19). The operations are fusion, calcination, solution, filtration, crystallization, sublimation, and especially distillation (not previously described); and methods of heating include the open fire, lamps, and the sand and water baths.  Nearly all this practical knowledge has been ascribed by older writers on the history of chemistry to the Arabs, who really derived it from the very source we are now considering."

Chemical/alchemical devices

 * Alembic (= still-head; also used to denote the whole alchemist's still)
 * Aludel
 * Cucurbit (= part of the still; boiler for material being distilled)
 * Evacuation tube (part of the still; this is the tube used to remove the condensed distillate from the alembic.)
 * Filter
 * Funnel
 * Heated bath
 * Retort
 * Sand bath
 * Sieve
 * Still

Substances

 * Acetic acid
 * Aqua regia
 * Cheese glue (= casein glue)
 * Citric acid
 * Copper(II) acetate
 * Cupric acetate, Cu(CH3COO)2.
 * The anhydrous form is blue-green and hygroscopic. The monohydrate (Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O) also exists and forms dark green crystals. (, Handbook of inorganic compounds, ISBN 0849386713, p. 137, compounds #948, #950)
 * Also called verdigris, an ambiguous name.
 * Also other hydrates?
 * The obvious synthesis from copper and acetic acid is found in a 3rd c. papyrus, thought to have been copied from an earlier original. See Creations of fire: chemistry's lively history from alchemy to the atomic age, Cobb & Goldwhite, pp. 31–32, ISBN 073820594X.
 * Distilled alcohol
 * Hydrochloric acid
 * Nitric acid
 * Petrol
 * Sulfuric acid
 * Tartaric acid
 * Uric acid
 * Zinc oxide
 * ZnO. White powder.  An impure form is called tutty (also tutia, tutie; Arabic tūtiyā; see OED 2nd ed. entries on "tutty", "tutia", "tutie".)
 * According to R. J. Forbes, the terms tūtiyā, and Greek cadmeia, were used indiscriminately for zinc oxide (artificial) and zinc carbonate and silicate (naturally occurring ores of zinc.) (pp. 273–274, Metallurgy in Antiquity, R. J. Forbes, Brill Archive, 1950, .)
 * Dioscorides (1st c.) discusses the production of zinc oxide, called by him pompholyx (pp. 45–46, Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry, John Maxson Stillman,, ISBN 0766132307.)
 * [Is this book PD? It was first published 1924.]