User:Sparksflying98/sandbox

Sources:

Van Zanten, David T. "The Romanesque Church of St. Albans." Gesta 4 (1965): 23-27. doi:10.2307/766681.

Nicklies, Charles E. "Builders, Patrons, and Identity: The Domed Basilicas of Sicily and Calabria." Gesta 43, no. 2 (2004): 99-114. doi:10.2307/25067098.

Carlson, Eric Gustav. "Religious Architecture in Normandy, 911-1000." Gesta 5 (1966): 27-33. doi:10.2307/766576.

Carlson, Eric G. "A Note on Four-Story Elevations." Gesta 25, no. 1 (1986): 61-68. doi:10.2307/766898.

Stamp, Gavin. "High Victorian Gothic and the Architecture of Normandy." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62, no. 2 (2003): 194-211. doi:10.2307/3592477.

Bell, Edward. "ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC." The Archaeological Review 2, no. 4 (1888): 237-51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44245200.

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Arches _arches were decorated on both the sides and underneath = norman style

there are examples for Ecclesiastical, Military, and Domestic architecture but no defining features or details that they might share

Neo - Norman needs citations and sources

Grammar changes in bold - a majority of them are to prevent run-on sentences/make the flow easier to read Section: NORMANDY "The Normans were among the most travelled peoples of Europe, exposed to a wide variety of cultural influences including the Near East, some of which became incorporated in their art and architecture." change to - The Normans were among the most traveled peoples of Europe, exposing them to a wide variety of cultural influences which became incorporated in their art and architecture.

"They elaborated on the early Christian basilica plan, longitudinal with side aisles and an apse, and a western façade with two towers as at the Church of Saint-Étienne at Caen begun in 1067, which formed a model for the larger English cathedrals beginning some 20 years later." change to - '''They elaborated on the early Christian basilica plan. Originally longitudinal with side aisles and an apse they began to add in towers, as at the Church of Saint-Étienne at Caen, in 1067. This would eventually form a model for the larger English cathedrals some 20 years later.'''

Section: ENGLAND "Edward the Confessor was brought up in Normandy, and in 1042 brought masons to work on Westminster Abbey, the first Romanesque building in England." change to - Edward the Confessor was brought up in Normand and in 1042 brought masons to work on the first Romanesque building in England, Westminster Abbey.

"Following the invasion Normans rapidly constructed motte-and-bailey castles, and in a burst of building activity built churches and abbeys, as well as more elaborate fortifications including Norman stone keeps." change to - Following the invasion, Normans rapidly constructed motte-and-bailey castles along with churches, abbeys, and more elaborate fortifications such as Norman stone keeps.

"The buildings show massive proportions in simple geometries, the masonry with small bands of sculpture, perhaps as blind arcading, and concentrated spaces of capitals and round doorways and in the tympanum under an arch. The "Norman arch" is the round arch. Norman mouldings are carved or incised with geometric ornament, such as chevron patterns, frequently termed "zig-zag mouldings", around arches. The cruciform churches often had deep chancels and a square crossing tower which has remained a feature of English ecclesiastical architecture. Hundreds of parish churches were built and the great English cathedrals were founded from 1083." change to - '''The buildings show massive proportions in simple geometries using small bands of sculpture. Paying attention to the concentrated spaces of capitals and round doorways as well as the tympanum under an arch. The "Norman arch" is rounded, often with mouldings carved or incised onto it for decoration. Chevron patterns, frequently termed "zig-zag mouldings," were a frequent signature of the Normans. The cruciform churches often had deep chancels and a square crossing tower which has remained a feature of English ecclesiastical architecture. Hundreds of parish were built and the great English cathedrals were founded in 1083'''

Section: SCOTLAND "Scotland also came under early Norman influence, with Norman nobles at the court of King Macbeth around 1050. His successor Máel Coluim III overthrew him with English and Norman assistance, and his queen Margaret encouraged the church. The Benedictine order founded a monastery at Dunfermline. Her sixth and youngest son who became King David built St. Margaret's Chapel at the start of the 12th century." Change to - '''Scotland also came under early Norman influence with Norman nobles at the court of King Macbeth around around 1050. His successor Máel Coluim III overthrew him with English and Norman assistance while his queen, Margaret, encouraged the church. The Benedictine order founded a monastery at Dunfermline. Her sixth, and youngest, son who became King David built St. Margaret's Chapel at the start of the 12th centruy.'''

Section: MEZZOGIORNO "Their clever use of the local stone artisans together with the vast riches amassed from their enslaved population, made such tremendous feats possible as majestic as some of the ancient Roman structures they tried to emulate." change to - Their clever use of the local stone artisans, together with the vast riches amassed from their enslaved population, made such tremendous feats possible as majestic as some of the ancient Roman structures they tried to emulate.

Section: SICILY "The Palatine Chapel in Palermo built in 1130 is the perhaps the strongest example of this where the interior of the dome (itself a Byzantine feature) is decorated in mosaic depicting Christ Pantocrator accompanied by his angels." Change to - '''The Palatine Chapel in Palermo build in 1130 is perhaps the strongest example of this. The interior of the dome, a Byzantine feature, is decorated in mosaic depicting Christ Pantocrator accompanied by his angels.'''

"However, here the high Gothic campanile is of a later date, and should not be confused with the early Gothic built during the Norman period, which featured pointed arches and windows rather than the flying buttresses and pinnacles later to manifest themselves in the Gothic era." change to - However, here the high Gothic campanile is of a later date and should not be confused with the early Gothic built during the Norman period; featuring pointed arches and windows rather than the flying buttresses and pinnacles later to manifest in the Gothic era.