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Atanasio Cavalli (Asti, 1729 – Rome, 10 October 1797) was an Italian abbot, geophysicist and astronomer. He also engaged in poetry and taught physics and moral philosophy.

Biography
Born in Asti in 1729, Cavalli became an abbot belonging to the order of the Carmelites. He taught at the carmelite convent in Turin and later at the University of Malta. In 1770 he asked for and obtained secularization and moved to Rome where he was professor of physics and then of moral philosophy at the Gregorian University.

He is given credit for advances in anemoscope design, and also produced a mercury seismoscope.

On 14 January 1784 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences of Turin.

He died in Rome on October 10, 1797.

Publications
Lettere di Filalete accademico libero, Turin 1764 Lightning and the sure way to avoid its effects. Dialoghi tre, Milan 1766 Il Vesuvio, poemetto storico-fisico, Milan 1776 Un poemetto per l'acclamazione a Pastori Arcadi dei Principi di Piemonte, Rome 1776 Latin Prayer in death of the King of Portugal, Rome 1776 Lettere Meteorologiche, volume 2, Rome 1785

Software development
In 2015, Troeng received the Goldkotten award from Skogssportens Gynnare (translation: Forest-sport favourites), a Swedish non-profit orienteering promotion body, for his contributions to orienteering, in particular his development of WinSplits, DOMA, QuickRoute and Livelox.

In 2016, Troeng developed MapAnt, a publicly available orienteering map of the entire country of Finland, along with Joakim Svensk. They were the recipient of an innovation award from the Swedish Cartographic Society for the development of MapAnt.

Sports commentary
Troeng has been the orienteering expert during live coverage at Sveriges Television since 2020, usually being paired with Jacob Hård.

Awards and recognition
2018: The award of innovation, Kartografiska (Swedish Cartographic Society) (for MapAnt, with Joakim Svensk)

Governor of the Bahamas
In 1695, Trott rebuilt Charles Town, which had been abandoned following the Raid on Charles Town, and renamed it Nassau after William III's house (Orange-Nassau). Trott laid out the new town layout, and chose Nassau's location on New Providence as the new seat of government of the Bahamas due to the harbour.

Later life
=Russell-McPherron effect= The Russell-McPherron effect is a hypothesis for the mechanism of semiannual variation in geomagnetic activity.

=Liuding Mountain=

Liuding Mountain is a historical site and tourist attraction in Dunhua, Yanbian, Jilin. It is one of the AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China.

The site is located 5km to the south of Dunhua and on the right bank of the Mudan River. The mountain consists of six separate hilltops arrayed from East to West, the highest of which is 603 meters above sea level.

A 48 meter statue of the Buddha is located on one of the peaks, facing south. There is also a large monastery.

Balhae Royal Tombs
There are ancient tombs on the mountain, which was the graveyard of the royal family of the Balhae kingdom. The tombs were excavated by Yanbian University, Jilin Provincial Museum, and the Archaeology Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1949, 1959 and 1964. There are more than 90 different tombs, including the tomb of Princess Zhenhui, one of the children of Mun of Balhae. The tomb was built of basalt and fulgurite. Many objects were found: pottery, gold-plated copper jewellery and jade. Her tombstone (90 x 49 x 29 cm) bears an epigraph of more than 700 characters written in Chinese, which is an indication that the Balhae kingdom used Chinese characters, making the stone historically significant.

=Maoshan= Maoshan, also called Mount Mao, is a mountain and historical site in Jiangsu, China. It is the principal seat of the Shangqing School, which developed on the mountain in the late 5th century. It is also a major tourist attraction and one of the AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China.

As of 2010, Mao Shan consisted of six large temples with 100 priests and nuns.

History
Maoshan was the retreat of Tao Hongjing, advisor to the princes of Qi, who in 492 left the court, moved to Maoshan, and built the temple of Huayang, the first Shangqing temple. The Shangqing School became very influential and prospered over the following centuries, and Emperor Taizong of Tang personally visited the temple. During the second half of the Northern Song dynasty, the school lost influence at court.

The Taiping Rebellion, the Japanese army and the Cultural Revolution resulted in the destruction of the temples at Maoshan, with the Japanese causing significant damage in 1938 and more damage being caused in the 1960s. Two temples survived complete destruction and repaired by priests starting in the 1980s; it was also around this time that the local government began charging admission to the complex. As of 2009, gate receipts were $2.7 million USD annually. The Hall of the Jade Emperor on Maoshan was built at a cost of $1.5 million USD, and opened in 2010. There is also now a statue dedicated to Laozi and an associated temple. The statue is 33m tall.

=WOC=

Competitions
The competition format has changed several times. The first championships in 1966 consisted of only two competitions- an individual race and a relay.

Individual/Classic/Long
The individual race was run from 1966 to 1991, with a winning time consistently between 90 and 110 minutes for the men, and between 50 minutes and 70 minutes for the women. This race was renamed to "Classic" in 1991 and "Long" in 2001, with the format remaining unchanged for the men and with winning times for the women increasing since 1991 to a winning time generally between 70 and 90 minutes as of 2024. This race is generally run over rough terrain with a focus on route choices and physical strength over long distances. The format is considered to be the most prestigious in orienteering, being the only individual format which has been run since the first championships. The event is run as a time trial, with a set start interval between runners to prevent pack running and force competitors to face navigational challenges.

Relay
The relay race has been held since 1966, and consisted of four legs for both men and women until 2001. Since 2001, the relay race has only consisted of three relay legs for both men and women. From 1966 to 2001, the relay had a winning time of around 4 hours for men and around 3 hours for women (60 minutes per leg for men and 45 minutes per leg for women). Since 2001, the winning times have decreased significantly, and since 2011 the winning times for both men and women have been below 2 hours at every championships (less than 40 minutes per leg for the winner). The relay is run over rough terrain, with a focus on fine navigation and ability to run head to head whilst navigating correctly. The event is run as a mass start, with the first leg runners for each team starting at the same time.

Short/Middle
In 1991, a short distance race (roughly 20–25 minutes) was added. The middle distance (roughly 30–35 minutes) replaced the short distance in 2003. Both races are run over rough terrain, with a focus on fine navigation at speed and less focus on route choice. The event is run as a time trial, with a set start interval to prevent pack running and force competitors to face navigational challenges.

Sprint
A sprint race was added to the World Championships in 2001. This race was very different from races previously run at world championships, as it is contested in urban areas and parks rather than rough terrain, with a focus on quick decision making, route choice and running speed over distances of less than 5km. This makes the sprint format radically different from the Forest format, with a different world ranking system and different mapping standards compared to traditional forest orienteering. The event is run as a time trial, with a set start interval between runners to prevent pack running and force competitors to face navigational challenges. The winning time is between 13 minutes and 17 minutes, and the course length is traditionally less than 5km.

Sprint relay
On IOF's 23rd congress in Lausanne in 2012, it was decided that a sprint relay event would be added in the 2014 World Championships in Italy. The sprint relay is contested in urban areas and parks, and consists of four-orienteer mixed-gender teams starting in a mass start with starting order woman-man-man-woman. This is the only mixed format in the world orienteering championships, with a focus on route choice, quick decision making and ability to run head to head whilst navigating correctly.

Knock-out Sprint
The Knock-out sprint consists of a series of sprint races in urban areas and parks where qualification for the next round of the sprint depends on an athlete's performance in the previous heat, with athletes that finished outside the qualification being eliminated. There are three rounds in a championships knock-out sprint following qualification, with each round containing 6 people except for special circumstances such as an athlete protest. 3 athletes in a heat of 6 qualify for the semi-finals in any given quarter final, with seeding done by finish position. In the semi finals, only two athletes are eligible to compete for the final, with other athletes eliminated. The winner of the final is awarded the gold medal. Finals are generally less than 10 minutes winning time. The Knock-out sprint has a focus on route choice, quick decision making, tactics and running speed over distances less than 3000m.