User:Spookysmoothie/Ecological design

Ideas
- lead and overview: clarify, delete plagiarism and uncited material, add citations

- ecological design issues and role of designers section: room to add issues of environmental justice. (bibliography articles)

- environmental effect analysis: completely uncited, not very helpful. (nic edited this section, changed it to life cycle analysis section)

- applications in design: room to add a lot more here, only three examples. Active systems and passive systems could be sub-sections here, since they are more examples of applications just of specific types.

- history: change to 'notable dates' or 'timeline'. add more

- art and decorating: expand on, more citations. reference the role of ecological design in art activism (environmental art) and environmental justice

- influence and ecodesign research section are undeveloped. not sure either should have their own section, could work this information into other sections

- (nic): ecological urban planning section: discuss environmental justice issues

Lead
Ecological design or ecodesign is an approach to design that takes special consideration for the environmental impacts of everything included in a design, over its entire lifecycle. It was defined by Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan as "any form of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes." This branch of design draws inspiration from nature itself, on the principle that sustainable design solutions are inherently linked with nature and the environment. The discipline of ecological design can be applied and integrated into any type of design, from architecture to business processes to art.

Ecological design is a term that connects scattered efforts in green architecture, sustainable agriculture, ecological engineering, ecological restoration, sustainable fashion, and other fields. The term "ecological design" was coined in Sim van der Ryn and Stewart Cowan's book of the same title in 1996. The authors argued for design which integrates human activities with the natural processes of the world. The development of ecological design focused on the addition of environmental factors in the design process but was later expanded to include details such as product system and industry as a whole. Further building on concepts of environmentally friendly design, William McDonough and Michael Braungart published From Cradle to Cradle in 2002. The book proposes a circular economy to replace society's current linear economy and inspired multiple organizations around the world to use new production models that utilize ecological design. By including life cycle models through energy and materials flow, ecological design was related to the new interdisciplinary subject of industrial ecology.

Ecological design has its roots in the environmental movement, a diverse, international movement focused on sustainable resource management, respect for the environment, and the view of humans as participants in (rather than apart from) ecosystems. The intersectional movement addresses ecological, human health, and human rights concerns. Ecological design approaches prioritize these concerns over other business concerns such as profitability or aesthetics.

Ecodesign is a growing responsibility and understanding of our ecological footprint on the planet. Environmental awareness, industrialization, overpopulation, uneven inflation, and other shifting aspects of society have led to the questioning of consumer values. Ecological design can help address environmental issues with new design solutions that are environmentally friendly and lead to a reduction in the consumption of materials and energy.

Overview
Ecological design is a conceptual shift from other design conceptual frameworks that seeks to integrate all aspects of a product's life cycle into the design process with an emphasis on addressing ecological issues. Ecodesign includes a holistic framework with representatives from advance development, design, production, marketing, purchasing, and project management in order to predict the entire environmental impact of a product. Ecological design aims to reduce environmental pollution & waste by obviating these issues at the design stage.

An eco-design product may have a cradle-to-cradle life cycle ensuring zero waste is created in the whole process. Through biomimicry of life cycles in nature, eco-design can serve as a concept to achieve a truly circular economy.

Ecosystem services are processes and resources that the environment provides for human use and consumption. Some of the ecosystem services that the Earth provides are natural resources and the decomposition of waste. These services are finite and the provisioning of these services are affected by human activity and the health of the environment. Accordingly, ecological design considers two different aspects of a product's life cycle:


 * Consumption of resources (energy, materials, water or land area)
 * Emissions to air, water, and the ground (our Earth) as being relevant for the environment and human health, including noise emissions

Waste (hazardous waste and other waste defined in environmental legislation) is only an intermediate step: waste breaks down into a multitude of different chemicals and are ultimately emitted into the environment. These final emissions to the environment (e.g. methane and leaching from landfills) have to be inventoried. All consumables, materials and parts used in the life cycle phases are accounted for, and all indirect environmental aspects linked to their production.

The environmental aspects of the phases of the life cycle are evaluated according to their environmental impact on the basis of a number of parameters, such as extent of environmental impact, potential for improvement, or potential of change. A life cycle analysis may be used to measure a thing's impact at every stage of design. According to this ranking the recommended changes are carried out and reviewed after a certain time.

As the impact of design and the design process has evolved, designers have become more aware of their responsibilities. Designing products without taking into account the sociological, psychological, ecological, or ethical surroundings is no longer possible or acceptable in modern society.

With respect to these concepts, online platforms and brick and mortar stores dealing in only Ecodesign products are emerging, with the additional sustainable purpose of eliminating all unnecessary distribution steps between the designer and the final customer. Zero-waste lifestyles have been proposed as a way for consumers and citizens to make individual, personal lifestyle changes that rely on ecological design products. While it is important to have individual accountability and sustainability, large corporations must also take responsibility for environmental degradation and embrace ecological design and sustainable development.

Another area of ecological design is through designing with urban ecology in mind, similar to conservation biology, but designers take the natural world into account when designing landscapes, buildings, or anything that impacts the interactions with wildlife. Within the building industry this approach is also called biophilic design, a concept used to increase occupant connectivity to the natural environment through the use of direct nature, indirect nature, and space and place conditions. An example is green roofs, allowing for spaces where nature interacts with the man-made environment. Gardens and parks integrated in urban areas also make space for wildlife to thrive.

Life Cycle Analysis
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a tool used to understand the how a product impacts the environment at each stage of its life cycle, from raw input to the end of the products' life cycle. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is an economic metric that "identifies the minimum cost for each life cycle stage which would be presented in the aspects of material, procedures, usage, end-of-life and transportation." LCA and LCC can be used to identify particular aspects of a product that is particularly environmentally damaging & reduce those impacts. For example, LCA might reveal that the fabrication stage of a product's life cycle is particularly harmful for the environment and switching to a different material can drive emissions down. However, switching material may increase environmental effects later in a products life time; LCA takes into account the whole life cycle of a product and can alert designers to the many impacts of a product, which is why LCA is important.

Some of the factors that LCA takes into account are the costs and emissions of:

End-of-life, or disposal, is an important aspect of LCA as waste management is a global issue, with trash found everywhere around the world from the ocean to within organisms. A framework was developed to assess sustainability of waste sites titled EcoSWaD, Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites. The model focuses on five major concerns: (1) location suitability, (2) operational sustainability, (3) environmental sustainability, (4) socioeconomic sustainability, and (5) site capacity sustainability. This framework was developed in 2021, as such most established waste disposal sites do not take these factors into consideration. Waste facilities such as dumps and incinerators are disproportionately placed in areas with low education and income levels, burdening these vulnerable populations with pollution and exposure to hazardous materials. For example, legislation in the United States, such as the Cerrell Report, has encouraged these types of classist and racist processes for siting incinerators. Internationally, there has been a global 'race to the bottom' in which polluting industries move to areas with fewer restrictions and regulations on emissions, usually in developing countries, disproportionately exposing vulnerable and impoverished populations to environmental threats. These factors make LCA and sustainable waste sites important on a global scale.
 * Transportation
 * Materials
 * Production
 * Usage
 * End-of-life

Applications in design
EcoMaterials, such as the use of local raw materials, are less costly and reduce the environmental costs of shipping, fuel consumption, and CO₂ emissions generated from transportation. Certified green building materials, such as wood from sustainably managed forest plantations, with accreditations from companies such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), or the Pan-European Forest Certification Council (PEFCC), may be used.

Several other types of components and materials can be used in sustainable objects and buildings. Recyclable and recycled materials are commonly used in construction, but it is also important that they don't generate any waste during manufacture or after their life cycle ends. Reclaimed materials such as timber at a construction site or junkyard can be given a second life by reusing them as support beams in a new building or as furniture. Stones from an excavation can be used in a retaining wall. The reuse of these items means that less energy is consumed in making new products and a new natural aesthetic quality is achieved.

Architecture
Off-grid homes only use clean electric power. They are completely separated and disconnected from the conventional electricity grid and receive their power supply by harnessing active or passive energy systems. Off-grid homes are also not served by other publicly or privately managed utilities, such as water and gas in addition to electricity.

Art
Increased applications of ecological design have gone along with the rise of environmental art. Recycling has been used in art since the early part of the 20th century, when cubist artist Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) and Georges Braque (1882–1963) created collages from newsprints, packaging and other found materials. Contemporary artists have also embraced sustainability, both in materials and artistic content. One modern artist who embraces the reuse of materials is Bob Johnson, creator of River Cubes. Johnson promotes "artful trash management" by creating sculptures from garbage and scraps found in rivers. Garbage is collected, then compressed into a cube that represents the place and people it came from.

Clothing
There are some clothing companies that are using several ecological design methods to change the future of the textile industry into a more environmentally friendly one. Some approaches include recycling used clothing to minimize the use of raw resources, using biodegradable textile materials to reduce the lasting impact on the environment, and using plant dyes instead of poisonous chemicals to improve the appearance and impact of fabric.

Decorating
The same principle can be used inside the home, where found objects are now displayed with pride and collecting certain objects and materials to furnish a home is now admired rather than looked down upon. Take for example the electric wire reel reused as a center table.

There is a huge demand in Western countries to decorate homes in a "green" style. A lot of effort is placed into recycled product design and the creation of a natural look. This ideal is also a part of developing countries, although their use of recycled and natural products is often based in necessity and wanting to get maximum use out of materials. The focus on self-regulation and personal lifestyle changes (including decorating as well as clothing and other consumer choices) has shifted questions of social responsibility away from government and corporations and onto the individual.

Biophilic design is a concept used within the building industry to increase occupant connectivity to the natural environment through the use of direct nature, indirect nature, and space and place conditions.

Resource Management
Ecological design is important in energy resource management. Sustainable energy designs are used in active systems and passive systems. Active systems use the principle of harnessing the power generated from renewable and inexhaustible sources of energy. This includes solar, wind, thermal, biomass, and geothermal energy. Passive systems utilize non-mechanical methods and optimize natural resources. Bioclimatic buildings use passive energy systems, such as the use of optimal daylight.

Active systems
Solar power is a widely known and used renewable energy source. An increase in technology has allowed solar power to be used in a wide variety of applications. Two types of solar panels generate heat into electricity. Thermal solar panels reduce or eliminate the consumption of gas and diesel, and reduce CO₂ emissions. Photovoltaic panels convert solar radiation into an electric current which can power any appliance. This is a more complex technology and is generally more expensive to manufacture than thermal panels.

Biomass is the energy source created from organic materials generated through a forced or spontaneous biological process.

Geothermal energy is obtained by harnessing heat from the ground. This type of energy can be used to heat and cool homes. It eliminates dependence on external energy and generates minimum waste. It is also hidden from view as it is placed underground, making it more aesthetically pleasing and easier to incorporate in a design.

Wind turbines are a useful application for areas without immediate conventional power sources, e.g., rural areas with schools and hospitals that need more power. Wind turbines can provide up to 30% of the energy consumed by a household but they are subject to regulations and technical specifications, such as the maximum distance at which the facility is located from the place of consumption and the power required and permitted for each property.

Water recycling systems such as rainwater tanks that harvest water for multiple purposes. Reusing grey water generated by households are a useful way of not wasting drinking water.

Passive systems
Passive daylighting involves the positioning and location of a building to allow and make use of sunlight throughout the whole year. By using the sun's rays, thermal mass is stored in the building materials such as concrete and can generate enough heat for a room.

Green roofs are roofs that are partially or completely covered with plants or other vegetation. Green roofs are passive systems in that they create insulation that helps regulate the building's temperature. They also retain water, providing a water recycling system, and can provide soundproofing.

Urban Planning (unfinished)
Ecological design can be applied to urban planning, which comes with its own unique challenges & ethical considerations. Dove-tailing with the city-planning philosophy, Ecological urbanism, ecological design helps inform city planner's framework when designing and planning cities. Ecological design in the context of urban planning seeks to engage with the urban ecology as stakeholders in the city-planning process (citation needed). In addition, ecological design in urban planning seeks to address some of the inequities within the urban environment including Environmental racism & issues of Climate change.

The rise and conceptualization of ecological design
Since the Industrial Revolution, many propositions in the design field have utilized unsustainable design principles, and received criticism. The architect-designer Victor Papanek (1923-1998) suggested that industrial design has murdered by creating new species of permanent garbage and by choosing materials and processes that pollute the air. Papanek states that the designer-planner shares responsibility for nearly all of our products and tools, and hence, nearly all of our environmental mistakes. For these issues, R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) demonstrated how design could play a central role in identifying and addressing major world problems. Fuller was concerned with the Earth's finite energy resources and natural resources, and how to integrate machine tools into efficient systems of industrial production. He promoted the principle of "ephemeralization", a term he coined himself to do "more with less" and increase technological efficiency. This concept is key in ecological design that works towards sustainability.

Despite rising ecological awareness, industrialization and unsustainable design continued. In the 1992 conference, ‘The Agenda 21: The Earth Summit Strategy to Save Our Planet”, a proposition was put forward that our world is on a path of energy production and consumption that cannot be sustained. The report drew attention to individuals and groups around the world who have a set of principles to develop strategies for change among many aspects of society, including design. The design theorist, Clive Dilnot argued that design must once again become a means of ordering the world rather than merely of shaping products. More broadly, the conference emphasized that designers must address human issues. These problems included six items: quality of life, efficient use of natural resources, protecting the global commons, managing human settlements, the use of chemicals and the management of human industrial waste, and fostering sustainable economic growth on a global scale.

Though Western society has only recently espoused ecological design principles, indigenous peoples have long coexisted with the environment. Scholars have discussed the importance of acknowledging and learning from Indigenous peoples and cultures to move towards a more sustainable society. Indigenous knowledge is valuable in ecological design as well as other ecological realms such as restoration ecology.

Sustainable development issues
These concepts of design tie into the concept of sustainable development. The three pillars addressed in sustainable development are: ecological integrity, social equity, and economic security. Gould and Lewis argue in their book Green Gentrification that urban redevelopment and projects have neglected the social equity pillar, resulting in development that focuses on profit and deepens social inequality. One result of this is green or environmental gentrification. This process is often the result of good intentions to clean up an area and provide green amenities, but without setting protections in place for existing residents to ensure they are not forced out by increased property values and influxes of new wealthier residents.

Unhoused persons are one particularly vulnerable affected population of environmental gentrification. Government environmental planning agendas related to green spaces may lead to the displacement and exclusion of unhoused individuals, under a guise of pro-environmental ethics. One example of this type of design is hostile architecture in urban parks. Park benches designed with metal arched bars to prevent a person from laying on the bench restricts who benefits from green space and ecological design.