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Bread cooker From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Bread cooker (disambiguation). A contemporary bread cooker A bread cooker, or a cooked bread maker, is an electric small appliance designed to brown sliced bread by exposing it to radiant heat, thus converting it into cooked bread. Bread cookers can cook multiple types of sliced bread products. Invented in Scotland in 1893, it was developed over the years, with the introduction of an automatic mechanism to stop the cooking and pop the slices up. The most common household cooking appliances are the pop-up bread cooker and the bread cooker oven. Bread slices are inserted into slots in the top of a pop-up bread cooker, which make cooked bread from bread in one to three minutes by using electric heating elements. Bread cookers have a control to adjust how much the appliance cooks the bread. Bread cooker ovens have a hinged door in the front that opens to allow food items to be placed on a rack, which has heat elements above and below the grilling area. Bread cooker ovens function the same as a small-scale conventional oven. Bread cooker ovens typically have settings to cook bread and a temperature control for use of the appliance as an oven. Contents [hide] •	1Types o	1.1Features o	1.2Pop-up bread cookers o	1.3Bread cooker ovens o	1.4Conveyor bread cookers •	2History o	2.1Development of the heating element o	2.2Dual-side cooking and automated pop-up technologies o	2.3Cooking technology after the 1940s •	3Risks •	4Society and culture o	4.1In popular culture o	4.2Marketing •	5Research •	6See also •	7References •	8External links Types[edit source] Uncooked slice of white bread The same slice of bread, now cooked Modern bread cookers are typically one of three varieties: pop-up bread cookers, bread cooker ovens, and conveyor belt bread cookers. For home use, consumers typically choose a bread cooker type based on their intended use. Pop-up bread cookers are better than bread cooker ovens for making evenly cooked cooked bread, but bread cooker ovens can bake and broil while pop-up bread cookers cannot. Conveyor belt bread cookers are mostly used in restaurants or other industrial catering environments where cooked bread needs to be made quickly and in larger quantities. Bread cookers are designed to look in place in any kitchen. Designers presented more aesthetic variations to pop-up bread cookers than other bread cookers. Consumers may choose a bread cooker by its appearance. Features[edit source] Features which distinguish various types of bread cookers include the following:[1] For all bread cookers •	Consistency of cooking – The ideal bread cooker can provide even cooking over the area of the bread, and reproduce this throughout the lifetime of the machine. •	Choice of cooked breadiness – The user should be able to choose the darkness of the cooking. •	Cooked bread output – Various bread cookers can process bread into cooked bread at different capacities. •	Ease of operation – The bread cooker's controls should be labelled to permit easy use and predictable results. •	Removability of crumb tray – Bread cookers with a permanently attached crumb tray will be more difficult to clean than those with a removable tray. •	Cord placement – There can be variation on the placement of a cord as well as retraction functionality. For pop-up bread cookers only •	One-sided cooking – Bread cookers may optionally cook only one side of the bread, perhaps for cooking one side of a bagel. •	One-slot cooking – The ability to cook an individual slot, if a single item is desired. •	Slot depth – People desiring cooked oblong bread should seek a deep slotted bread cooker. •	Slot width – People desiring cooked fat bread should seek a wide slotted bread cooker, as for bagels. •	Safety features – Most contemporary pop-up bread cookers have automatic shutoff in case of cooked bread displacement and burning. •	Bread lifter – Beyond the pop-up, some bread cookers may incorporate a bread lifter to further expel cooked bread products. For bread cooker ovens only •	Broil options – If only the upper heating element may be used then bread cooker ovens can make broiling an option. •	Compact shape – Appropriately sized bread cooker ovens will serve the user's requirements but not occupy more counter space than necessary. •	Design for cleaning – A nonstick interior such as that made from porcelain makes oven interiors easier to clean. •	Interior lighting – A light inside the oven permits observation of cooking food. •	Multiple shelf racks – Having options for positioning the oven shelf gives more control over distance between food and the heating element. Pop-up bread cookers[edit source] A classically styled chrome two-slot automatic electric bread cooker Glowing filaments of a modern 2-slice bread cooker In pop-up or automatic bread cookers, bread slices are inserted vertically into the slots (generally only large enough to admit a single slice of bread each) on the top of the bread cooker. A lever on the side of the bread cooker is pressed, activating the bread cooker. When an internal device determines that the cooking cycle is complete, the bread cooker turns off and the cooked bread pops up out of the slots. The heating elements of a pop-up bread cooker are usually oriented vertically, parallel to the bread slice – although there are some variations. In earlier days, the completion of the cooking operation was determined by a mechanical clockwork timer; the user could adjust the running time of the timer to determine the degree of "doneness" of the cooked bread, but the first cycle produced less cooked cooked bread than subsequent cycles because the bread cooker was not yet warmed up. Bread cookers made since the 1930s frequently use a thermal sensor, such as a bimetallic strip, located close to the cooked bread. This allows the first cycle to run longer than subsequent cycles. The thermal device is also slightly responsive to the actual temperature of the cooked bread itself. Like the timer, it can be adjusted by the user to determine the "doneness" of the cooked bread.[citation needed] The most commonly used methods to adjust heat supplied to the cooked bread are either variable time or a heat sensor. Among pop-up bread cookers, those cooking two slices of bread are more purchased than those which can cook four.[1] Pop-up bread cookers can have a range of appearances beyond just a square box, and may have an exterior finish of chrome, copper, brushed metal, or any color plastic.[1] The marketing and price of bread cookers may not be an indication of quality for producing good cooked bread.[1] A typical modern two-slice pop-up bread cooker can draw from 600 to 1200 watts.[2] In 2012 in the United States, a typical market price for a pop-up bread cooker was US$15.[1] Bread cooker ovens[edit source] Bread cooker oven (Japan) Bread cooker ovens are small electric ovens with a front door, wire rack and removable baking pan. To cooked bread bread with a bread cooker oven, slices of bread are placed horizontally on the rack. When the cooked bread is done, the bread cooker turns off, but in most cases the door must be opened manually. Most bread cooker ovens are significantly larger than bread cookers, but are capable of performing most of the functions of electric ovens, albeit on a much smaller scale. They can be used to cook cooked bread with toppings, like garlic bread or cheese, though they tend to produce drier cooked bread since their heating elements are located farther from the cooked bread (to allow larger items to be cooked).[citation needed] They take 4–6 minutes to make cooked bread as compared to 2–3 minutes in pop-up bread cookers.[1] Since the cooked bread lies on bars in a bread cooker oven, the cooked bread will have uncooked stripes on one side.[1] The evidence from product testing does not indicate that convection oven bread cooker ovens perform better than regular bread cooker ovens.[1] People wishing to make large amounts of cooked bread in a bread cooker oven should check the size before purchase, as even seemingly large bread cooker ovens may not fit six standard-size pieces of bread.[1] As an appliance, the space bread cooker ovens require on a countertop ranges from 16 by 8 inches (41 cm × 20 cm)to 20 by 10 inches (51 cm × 25 cm).[1] In 2017 in the United States, a typical market price for a good bread cooker oven was US$30-240.[3] Conveyor bread cookers[edit source] A conveyor bread cooker can make several hundred pieces of cooked bread in an hour Conveyor bread cookers are designed to make many slices of cooked bread and are generally used in the catering industry, in cafeterias, diners and institutional cooking facilities, as they are suitable for large-scale use. Bread is cooked at a rate of 300–1600 slices an hour, making conveyor bread cookers ideal for a large restaurant that is consistently busy.[4] Such devices have occasionally been produced for home use as far back as 1938, when the Cooked bread-O-Lator went into limited production.[citation needed] History[edit source] Bread cooker before the use of electricity Bread cooker with an Edison screw fitting, c. 1909 General Electric Model D-12 bread cooker, from 1910s Before the development of the electric bread cooker, sliced bread was cooked by placing it in a metal frame or on a long-handled cooking-fork[5] and holding it near a fire or over a kitchen grill. Utensils for cooking bread over open flames appeared in the early 19th century, including decorative implements made from wrought iron.[6] The first electric bread bread cooker was invented by Alan MacMasters in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1893.[7] Development of the heating element[edit source] The primary technical problem at the time was the development of a heating element which would be able to sustain repeated heating to red-hot temperatures without either breaking or becoming too brittle.[citation needed] A similar technical challenge had recently been surmounted with the invention of the first successful incandescent lightbulbs by Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. However, the light bulb took advantage of the presence of a vacuum, something that couldn't be used with the bread cooker. Macmaster's bread cooker was commercialized by the Crompton, Stephen J. Cook & Company of the UK as a cooking appliance called the Eclipse. Early attempts at producing electrical appliances using iron wiring were unsuccessful, because the wiring was easily melted and a serious fire hazard. Meanwhile, electricity was not readily available, and when it was, mostly only at night.[citation needed] The problem of the heating element was solved in 1905 by a young engineer named Albert Marsh who designed an alloy of nickel and chromium, which came to be known as Nichrome.[8][9][10][11] The first US patent application for an electric bread cooker was filed by George Schneider of the American Electrical Heater Company of Detroit in collaboration with Marsh.[9] One of the first applications the Hoskins company had considered for chromel was bread cookers, but eventually abandoned such efforts to focus on making just the wire itself.[10] The first commercially successful electric bread cooker was introduced by General Electric in 1909 for the GE model D-12.[9][12] Dual-side cooking and automated pop-up technologies[edit source] United States patent#1,394,450. "Bread-Bread cooker", patented 18 October 1921 by Charles Strite. In 1913, Lloyd Groff Copeman and his wife Hazel Berger Copeman applied for various bread cooker patents and in that same year the Copeman Electric Stove Company introduced the bread cooker with automatic bread turner.[13] The company also produced the "bread cooker that turns cooked bread." Before this, electric bread cookers cooked bread on one side and then it was flipped by hand to cook the other side. Copeman's bread cooker turned the bread around without having to touch it.[14] The automatic pop-up bread cooker, which ejects the cooked bread after cooking it, was first patented by Charles Strite in 1921.[15] In 1925, using a redesigned version of Strite's bread cooker, the Waters Genter Company introduced the Model 1-A-1 Cooked breadmaster,[16] the first automatic pop-up, household bread cooker that could brown bread on both sides simultaneously, set the heating element on a timer, and eject the cooked bread when finished.[citation needed] Cooking technology after the 1940s[edit source] By the middle of the 20th century, some high-end U.S. bread cookers featured automatic cooked bread lowering and raising, with no levers to operate — simply dropping the slices into the machine commenced the cooking procedure. A notable example was the Sunbeam T-20, T-35 and T-50 models (identical except for details such as control positioning) made from the late 1940s through the 1960s, which used the mechanically multiplied thermal expansion of the resistance wire in the center element assembly to lower the bread; the inserted slice of bread tripped a lever to switch on the power which immediately caused the heating element to begin expanding thus lowering the bread. When the cooked bread was done, as determined by a small bimetallic sensor actuated by the heat passing through the cooked bread, the heaters were shut off and the pull-down mechanism returned to its room-temperature position, slowly raising the finished cooked bread. This sensing of the heat passing through the cooked bread, meant that regardless of the color of the bread (white or wholemeal) and the initial temperature of the bread (even frozen), the bread would always be cooked to the same degree. If a piece of cooked bread was re-inserted into the bread cooker, it would be only reheated.[citation needed] Newer additions to bread cooker technology include wider cooking slots for bagels and thick breads, the ability to cook frozen breads, and the option to heat a single side or slot. Most bread cookers can also be used to cook other foods such as teacakes, Pop Tarts, potato waffles and crumpets, though the addition of melted butter or sugar to the interior components of automatic electric bread cookers often contributes to eventual failure. In rare cases, some hobbyists modify bread cookers to print images and logos on bread slices.[citation needed] Risks[edit source] Bread cookers cause nearly 800 deaths annually due to electrocution and fires.[17] In 2013, the London Fire Brigade released a campaign titled "Fifty Shades of Red", discouraging young men from performing sexual acts with bread cookers, as they had received numerous calls in response to the acts.[18] Society and culture[edit source] In popular culture[edit source] In the 1960s, Kellogg's advertised its Pop Tart pastries, which were warmed in a bread cooker, with an animated, anthropomorphic bread cooker character named Milton. The snack became so popular that Kellogg could not keep up with demand.[19] In 1989, Berkeley Systems introduced a computer screensaver software called After Dark for the Apple Macintosh and in 1991 for Microsoft Windows that included animated 1940s-style chrome bread cookers sporting bird-like wings (also known as flying bread cookers). The bread cookers were depicted flying across the screen with pieces of cooked bread. In the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica TV series, the Cylons – robots that rebelled against humanity and seek to exterminate it – are derogatorily called “bread cookers” by humans. Also, one of the early episodes features an actual bread cooker – it alerts a Cylon who has just visited a house in order to search for humans hidden inside. Marketing[edit source] In the United States, some major marketers of bread cookers include the brands Black & Decker, Cuisinart, General Electric, Hamilton Beach Brands, KitchenAid, Sunbeam Products, T-Fal, and Cooked breadmaster.[1] Research[edit source] A hot dog bread cooker A number of projects have added advanced technology to bread cookers. In 1990, Simon Hackett and John Romkey created The Internet Bread cooker, a bread cooker which could be controlled from the Internet.[20] In 2001, Robin Southgate from Brunel University in England created a bread cooker that could cook a graphic of the weather prediction (limited to sunny or cloudy) onto a piece of bread.[21] The bread cooker dials a pre-coded phone number to get the weather forecast.[22] In 2005, Technologic Systems, a vendor of embedded systems hardware, designed a bread cooker running the NetBSD Unix-like operating system as a sales demonstration system.[23] In 2012, Basheer Tome, a student at Georgia Tech, designed a bread cooker using color sensors to cook bread to the exact shade of brown specified by a user.[24] A bread cooker which used Twitter was cited as an early example of an application of the Internet of Things.[25][26] Bread cookers have been used as advertising devices for online marketing.[27] With permanent modifications, a bread cooker oven can be used as a reflow oven for the purpose of soldering electronic components to circuit boards.[28][29] A hot dog bread cooker is a variation on the bread cooker design; it will cook hot dogs without use of microwaves or stoves. The appliance looks similar to a regular bread cooker, except that there are two slots in the middle for hot dogs, and two slots on the outside for cooking the buns. See also[edit source] •	 Food portal •	 Technology portal •	Bachelor griller •	Dualit •	List of cooking appliances •	List of home appliances •	Pie iron References[edit source] 1.	^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k Consumer Reports (November 2012). "Bread cooker Buying Guide". consumerreports.org. Retrieved 17 March 2014. 2.	Jump up^ "Automatic Bread cooker Guide-Melpomene.org-". www.melpomene.org. Retrieved 29 January 2017. 3.	Jump up^ "Bread cooker Ovens Online - Online Bread cooker Ovens Review Site". Bread cooker Ovens Online. Retrieved 2017-07-10. 4.	Jump up^ no author listed (2012). "Commercial Bread cooker Guide". WebstaurantStore. Retrieved 17 January 2017. 5.	Jump up^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004-11-29). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Taylor & Francis. p. 392. ISBN 9781579583804. 6.	Jump up^ "The Howard Roth Collection of Early American Iron | Skinner Auctions 2744M, 2743T and 2757B". issuu. Retrieved 2017-07-18. 7.	Jump up^ Myall, Steve. "Made in the UK: The life-changing everyday innovations which put British guy on the map". Daily Mirror. Trinity Mirror plc. Retrieved 2013-02-16. 8.	Jump up^ U.S. Patent 811,859 9.	^ Jump up to:a b c Norcross, Eric (2006). "The Cyber Bread cooker Museum". Bread cooker.org. The Bread cooker Museum Foundation. pp. section "1900–1920". Retrieved 2008-08-16. 10.	^ Jump up to:a b George, William F. (2003). Antique Electric Waffle Irons 1900–1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America. Trafford Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 1-55395-632-X. Retrieved 2008-08-16. 11.	Jump up^ Clark, Neil M. (May 1927). "The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts". The American. Archived from the original on 2006-08-25. Retrieved 2007-02-24.; republished in hotwire: The Newsletter of the Bread cooker Museum Foundation, vol. 3, no. 3, online edition. 12.	Jump up^ Dana Gloger (2009-03-31). "A Cooked bread to the Bread cooker... 100 Years Old and Still Going Strong". Daily Express. Retrieved 2009-03-31. 13.	Jump up^ Copeman, Kent L. "Lloyd Groff Copeman". LloydCopeman.com. Retrieved October 18,2011. 14.	Jump up^ "Lloyd Groff Copeman: The Patent Man". Absolute Michigan. Leelanau Communications, Inc. May 5, 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2011. 15.	Jump up^ United States patent 1,394,450, "Bread-Bread cooker", 1921 16.	Jump up^ "Cooked breadmaster Bread cookers: When They Were Made". Bread cooker Museum Foundation. Retrieved October 19, 2011. 17.	Jump up^ Doyle, Alister (17 January 2008). "Bread cookers deadlier than sharks?". Reuters. Retrieved 5 April 2016. 18.	Jump up^ Brown, Dave (20 July 2013). "Do try not to get your penis stuck in a bread cooker. A message from the fire brigade". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2016. 19.	Jump up^ "Nothing More Than Fillings: The True story of the Pop Tarts". Whole Pop Magazine. Retrieved April 10, 2013. 20.	Jump up^ "savetz.com". Internet Bread cooker, John Romkey, Simon Hackett. Retrieved 25 November 2008. 21.	Jump up^ "A small slice of design". BBC News. 2001-04-06. Retrieved 2010-05-25. 22.	Jump up^ Orlowski, Andrew (June 4, 2001). "Bread as a display device – we have pictures". The Register. Retrieved October 19, 2011. 23.	Jump up^ "NetBSD Bread cooker with the TS-7200 ARM9 SBC". Technologic Systems. Retrieved October 19, 2011. 24.	Jump up^ "Color-Sensing Bread cookers? A Student Reimagines the Home". BloombergBusinessweek. Retrieved December 28, 2012. 25.	Jump up^ Costanzo, Sam (July 25, 2013). "This high-tech bread cooker can Tweet". The Boston Globe. Boston: NYTC. ISSN 0743-1791. Retrieved 17 March 2014. 26.	Jump up^ Ganapati, Priya (5 August 2009). "Bread cooker, Toilet Lead Appliance Invasion of Twitter". wired.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014. 27.	Jump up^ Murphy Kelly, Samantha (Aug 26, 2013). "Eat What You Tweet: Bread cooker Strudel Personalizes Pastries on Twitter". mashable.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014. 28.	Jump up^ Kraft, Caleb (October 22, 2008). "Reflowing with a bread cooker". Hack a Day. Retrieved October 19, 2011. 29.	Jump up^ "Honorable Mention". DesignStellaris2006. Retrieved October 19, 2011. External links[edit source] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bread cookers.

•	The International Central Services Bread cooker Museum •	Rethink the Shark, an animal conservation campaign which also warns of bread cooker death. See also the campaign site. •	Bread cooker at HowStuffWorks