User:Sracha is gud/Public speaking

Aristotle
Aristotle and one of his most famous writings, "Rhetoric" (written in 350 B.C.E), have been used as a foundation for learning how to master the arts of public speaking. In his works, rhetoric is the act of publicly persuading the audience. Rhetoric is similar to dialect in that he defines both as being acts of persuasion. However, dialect is the act of persuading someone in private, whereas rhetoric is about persuading people in a public setting. More specifically, Aristotle defines someone who practices rhetoric or a "rhetorician" as an individual who is able to interpret and understand what persuasion is and how it is applied. This concept is born from Aristotle's idea that rhetoric is not only a natural habit but a learned art, from which rhetoricians can persuade their audiences via capturing and appealing to their interests.

Aristotle breaks rhetoric into three elements: (i) the speaker; (ii) the topic or point of the speech; and (iii) the audience. Aristotle also classifies oratory into three types: (i) political, used to convince people to take or not take action; (ii) forensic, usually used in law related to accusing or defending someone; and (iii) ceremonial, which recognizes someone positively or negatively.  

Aristotle breaks down the political category into five focuses or themes: "ways and means, war and peace, national defense, imports and exports, and legislation." These focuses are broken down into detail so that a speaker can focus on what is needed to take into consideration so that the speaker can effectively influence an audience to agree and support the speaker's ideas.   The focus of "ways and means" deals with economic aspects in how the country is spending money. "Peace and War" focus on what the country has to offer in terms of military power, how war has been conducted, how war has affected the country in the past, and how other countries have conducted war. "National defense" deals with taking into consideration the position and strength of a country in the event of an invasion. Forces, fortifying structures, and points with a strategic advantage are considered. "Food supply" is concerned with the ability to support a country in regards to food, importing and exporting food, and carefully making decisions to arrange agreements with other countries. Lastly, Aristotle breaks down the "legislation" theme, and this theme seems to be the most important to Aristotle. The legislation of a country is the most crucial aspect of all the above because everything is affected by the policies and laws set by the people in power.

'''The importance of the political category bleeds into the forensic category, mainly because of instances when legality is brought into question, at which point a judgment can only be made using rhetoric. However, rhetoric is considered indefinite. Without subject matter (something to be argued), rhetoric as an art is, at times, all that is left. Aristotle places an emphasis on politics for this reason, because politics is considered definite, unlike rhetoric standing alone. '''

In Aristotle's "Rhetoric" writing, he mentions three strategies someone can use to try to persuade an audience: Establishing the character of a speaker (Ethos), influencing the emotional element of the audience (Pathos), and focusing on the argument specifically (Logos). Aristotle believes establishing the character of a speaker is effective in persuasion because the audience will believe what the speaker is saying to be true if the speaker is credible and trustworthy. With the audience's emotional state, Aristotle believes that individuals do not make the same decisions when in different moods. Because of this, one needs to try to influence the audience by being in control of one's emotions in order to maintain the effectiveness of the persuasion. The argument itself can affect the attempt to persuade by making the argument of the case so clear and valid that the audience will understand and believe that the speaker's point is real. '''Another strategy one can use to persuade an audience is to engage their amusement, providing the hearers with a sense of gratification, by incorporating concepts that may peek their personal interests. '''

In the last part of "Rhetoric", Aristotle mentions that the most critical piece of persuasion is to know in detail what makes up government and to attack what makes it unique: "customs, institutions, and interest". Aristotle also states that everyone is persuaded by considering people's interests and how the society in which they live influences their interests. A unified society results in concord and political agreement, in which everyone holds similar beliefs and interests, to which a skilled rhetorician may cater towards in order to effectively persuade them.

Women and public speaking
There are many international female speakers. Much of women's earlier public speaking is directly correlated to activism work. '''Prior to this, education regarding public speaking or rhetoric was either offered only to men or not at all. Currently, after a rebirth of public speaking education, more well-known female public speakers have made their debut. '''

'''Research has been done regarding the different word choices used between male and female public speakers. Generally, speech patters do not differ all too much from gender to gender; however, the syntax, use of personal pronouns, and filler words vary depending on gender.  Yet another difference between men and women regarding public speaking lies in the willingness to perform the act itself. Women are more likely to volunteer to speak one-on-one, individually, than men; however, women are less likely to volunteer to speak in front of a large group than men.'''

United States
Between the 18th and 19th century in the United States, women were publicly banned from speaking in the courtroom, the senate floor, and the pulpit. It was also deemed improper for a woman to be heard in a public setting. Exceptions existed for women from the Quaker religion, allowing them speak publicly in meetings of the church.

Frances Wright was one of the first female public speakers of the United States, advocating equal education for both women and men through large audiences and the press. Maria Stewart, a woman of African American descent, was also one of the first female speakers of the United States, lecturing in Boston in front of both men and women just 4 years after Wright, in 1832 and 1833, on educational opportunities and abolition for young girls.

The first female agents, and sisters, of the American Anti-Slavery Society, Angelina Grimké and Sarah Grimké created a platform for public lectures to women, and conducted tours between 1837 and 1839. The sisters advocated for women's rights in relation to slavery, as well as women's equality. Because they were women, many churches did not want the two speaking publicly.

Great Britain
The British political activist, Emmeline Pankhurst, founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) on October 10, 1903. The organization was aimed towards fighting for a woman's right for parliamentary vote, which only men were granted for at the time. Emmeline was known for being a powerful orator, who led many women to rebel through militant forms until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The use of rhetoric in activism like Emmeline's is a key factor in gathering support and capturing public attention.

Pakistan
Malala Yousafzai is a modern-day public speaker, who was born in the Swat Valley in Pakistan, and is an educational activist for women and girls. After the Taliban restricted the educational rights of women in the Swat Valley, Yousafzai presented her first speech How Dare the Taliban Take Away My Basic Right to Education?, in which she protested the shutdowns of the schools. She presented this speech to a press in Peshawar. Through this, she drew more awareness to the situation in Pakistan. Her speech about educational rights, given at the United Nations, is described as "inspiring and passionate." She is the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, at the age of 17, which was awarded to her in 2014. Her public speaking has brought worldwide attention to her cause in Pakistan. She continues to advocate for educational rights for women and girls worldwide through the Malala Fund, with the purpose of helping girls around the world receive 12 years of education.

Japan
Kishida Toshiko (1861–1901) was a female speaker during the Japanese Meiji Period. In October 1883, she publicly delivered a speech entitled 'Hakoiri Musume' (Daughters Kept in Boxes) in front of approximately 600 people. Performed in Yotsu no Miya Theater in Kyoto, she criticised the action of parents that shelter their daughters from the outside world. She was arrested promptly for this; however, Kishida demonstrated the ability for Japanese women to evoke women's issues, experience, and liberation in public spaces, through the use of public speaking.