User:Sram337/sandbox

Practising citations

The term ‘Hakra Ware’ is derived from the geographical and functional aspects of the culture. ‘Hakra’ is named after the paleochannel of the Ghaggar-Hakra river that flows through India and Pakistan connecting both countries

The term ‘Ware’ in archaeological terms means pottery, referring to the clay pottery produced by this culture. Hence the name ‘Hakra Ware’

It was found along the Ghaggar-Hakra river, which is a continuation of Saraswati-Ghaggar river, with the earliest remnants of Hakra Ware confirmed to be at Cholistan during the series of excavations at Kunal, Bhirana, Girwas, Farmana, Rakhigarhi and Cholistan area of Pakistan

More recent explorations carried out during the early 2000s have found some Hakra Ware sites in Pakistani Punjab beyond the Cholistan areas, extending to the Faisalabad area in the central section of the Ravi-Chenab doab and therefore calls for more research to be conducted

The first step involves a survey of the exact areas that need to be marked and dug up which is followed up by creating a layout and expected digging trenches are marked

Hakra Ware culture sits in the fourth millennium B.C. or 6,000 years before the present

Once each layer is exposed it is then recorded to further understand the chronological time frame of the Hakra Ware cultures with relation to habitation, lifestyle and settlement.

Proposed Chronology of Hakra Ware culture
The proposed time period for the existence of Hakra Ware was 3500 B.C. - 3100/3000 B.C as the period following it (Kot Dijit), was dated as 3370 B.C. - 2900 B.C. However after dating the materials used in the Hakra Ware artefacts found in Bhiranna, this was shortly refuted and was proposed to exist in an earlier time period.

From the findings at Bhiranna, a timeline was compiled to help visualise where Hakra Ware culture sat amongst the rest of the periods that occurred. The 2 periods before Hakra Ware were Period 1 (Neolithic) that existed during 7500-6000 BCE and Period IIA (Transitional Period) thats exited during 6000-4500. Then Period IIB (Early-Harappan) spanned across 3300-2800 BCE which is then preceded by Period III (Mature-Harappan) followed by Period IV (Late-Harappan). These periods were present from 3000-1900 BCE and 1900-1600 BCE respectively.

Discoveries and Regional differences in Hakra Ware
From a series of excavation surrounding the Indus Valley regional differences in the pottery were found.

Bhirrana:
Situated in the Fatehabad district of Haryana in the Ghaggar valley, Bhiranna has a distinct Pre-Harrapan level that displays Hakra Ware culture, that resonates with the features commonly found within the Bhirrana region. Most of the pottery included the expected repertoire of Mud Applique, incisions, Tan/Chocolate slipped ware, however were accompanied by Black Burnish, Brown, Red and black and white painting. On the pottery painted black and white, there were motifs of Peepal leaves which gaioned popularity later suring Mature Harappan.

Farmana:
This region is located at Rohtak district of Haryanain the Ghaggar basin. In relation to Hakra Wares, most found had mud appliuque, incisions, plain ands painted red wares. Recurring shpes found were vases, bowls, gobular pots wit handles, cups and storage jars tha were rarely discovered.

Other than pottery, disc beads os steatute, teraotta beads and shell bamnges were found, acting as an indication to the gradiual transfomration from Hakra to Mature Harappan.