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Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi (Arabic: بِلَال ٱبْن رَبَاح ٱلْحَبَشِيّ‎, Bilāl ibn Rabāḥ al-Ḥabashīy, 580–640 AD) also known as Bilal ibn Rabah (بِلَال ٱبْن رِيَاح), was one of the most trusted and loyal Sahabah (companions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was born in Mecca and is considered as the first mu'azzin, chosen by Muhammad himself. He was a former slave of Ethiopian ancestry. Bilal ibn Rabah was known for his beautiful voice with which he called people to their prayers. He died in 640, at the age of 57.

Contents

 * 1Birth and early life
 * 2Bilal's appearance
 * 3Conversion to Islam
 * 3.1Persecution of Bilal
 * 3.2Treasury
 * 4Adhan
 * 4.1Sunni view
 * 4.2Shia view
 * 5Military campaigns during Muhammad's era
 * 6After Muhammad
 * 6.1Sunni view
 * 6.2Shia view
 * 6.3Sufism
 * 7Death
 * 8Descendants and legacy
 * 9See also
 * 10Notes
 * 11References
 * 12Further reading
 * 13External links

Birth and early life[edit]
Bilal ibn Rabah was born in Mecca in the Hejaz in the year 580. His father Rabah, was an Arab slave for the clan of Banu Jumah while his mother, Hamamah, was a former princess of Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) who was captured after the event of Amul-Fill (the attempt to destroy the Ka'aba) and put into slavery. Being born into slavery, Bilal had no other option but to work for his master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Through hard work, Bilal became recognized as a good slave and was entrusted with the keys to the Idols of Arabia. However, racism and sociopolitical statutes of Arabia prevented Bilal from achieving a lofty position in society.

Bilal's appearance[edit]
Muhammad Abdul-Rauf in his book, Bilal ibn Rabah, states,


 * "He [Bilal] was of a handsome and impressive stature, dark brown complexion with sparkling eyes, a fine nose and bright skin. He was also gifted with a deep, melodious, resonant voice. He wore a beard which was thin on both cheeks. He was endowed with great wisdom and a sense of dignity and self esteem."

Similarly, William Muir in his book, The Life of Muhammad, states,


 * "He (Bilal) was tall, dark, and with African feature and bushy hair."

Muir also states that noble members of the Quraysh despised Bilal and called him ibn Sauda (son of the black woman).

Conversion to Islam[edit]
Bilal was around the age of 40 when Muhammad announced his prophethood and started to preach the message of Islam. Bilal was attracted to the teachings of Islam and renounced idol worship, becoming one of the earliest converts to the faith.

Persecution of Bilal[edit]
When Bilal's master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, found out, he began to torture Bilal. At the instigation of Abu Jahl, Umayyah bound Bilal and had him dragged around Mecca as children mocked him. Bilal refused to renounce Islam, instead repeating "Ahad Ahad" (God is absolute/one). Incensed at Bilal's refusal, Umayyah ordered that Bilal be whipped and beaten while spread-eagled upon the Arabian sands under the desert sun, his limbs bound to stakes. When Bilal still refused to recant, Umayyah ordered that a hot boulder be placed on Bilal's chest. However, Bilal remained firm in belief and continued to say "Ahad Ahad". News of this slave reached some of Muhammad's companions, who informed the prophet. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr to negotiate for the emancipation of Bilal, who manumitted him after either purchasing him or exchanging him for a non-Muslim slave.

Treasury[edit]
Bilal rose to prominence in the Islamic State of Medina, as Muhammad appointed him minister of the Bayt al-Mal (treasury). In this capacity, Bilal distributed funds to widows, orphans, wayfarers, and others who could not support themselves.

Adhan[edit]
Muhammad chose Bilal as the first mu'azzin.

Sunni view[edit]
Sunnis believed that Muhammad specifically chose Bilal to become the Mu'azzin (caller to prayer) of Islam. He personally taught Bilal how to call the Muslims to prayer. However, other Sunni traditions suggest that a companion suggested to Muhammad that they should blow a trumpet or ring a bell in order to alert the Muslims before the time of each prayer. According to the Sunni traditions Muhammad did not accept this suggestion because he did not want to adopt the Jewish or Christian customs. One day, Abdullah ibn Ziyad, a citizen of Yathrib (Medina), came to see Muhammad. Abdullah ibn Ziyad explained to him that while he was half-awake or half-asleep, a man appeared before him in his dream and told him that the human voice ought to be used to call the Muslims to prayer. In addition, the man also taught Abdullah the Adhan along with the manner of saying it. The Sunni historians state that Muhammad was pleased with the idea and adopted it. After adopting the Adhan, Muhammad called Bilal and taught the Adhan to him.

Shia view[edit]
Shias, on the other hand, do not accept Abdullah ibn Ziyad’s story. They state that the Adhan was revealed to Muhammad just as the Qur'an al-Majid was revealed to him. Shias believe that the Adhan could not be left to the dreams or reveries. Furthermore, Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy states, "If the Prophet could teach the Muslims how to perform prostrations, and how, when, and what to say in each prayer, he could also teach them how and when to alert others before the time for each prayer." According to the Shia traditions, the angel who taught Muhammad how to perform ablutions preparatory to prayers and how to perform prayers also taught him the Adhan..

Military campaigns during Muhammad's era[edit]
Main article: List of expeditions of Muhammad

He participated in the Battle of Badr. Muhammad's forces included Ali ibn Abi Talib, Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Ammar ibn Yasir, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abu Bakr, Umar, Mus`ab ibn `Umair, and Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam, The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel. However, many early Muslim sources indicate that no serious fighting was expected, and the future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah, the daughter of Muhammad. Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man.

Sunni view[edit]
In the Sīrat Abī Bakr Al-Ṣiddīq that compiled many narrations and compiled historical circumstances regarding the rule of Caliph Abu Bakr, Bilal accompanied the Muslim armies, under the commands of Said ibn Aamir al-Jumahi, to Syria.

Shia view[edit]
After Muhammad died in 632 AD, Bilal was one of the people who did not give bay'ah (the oath of allegiance) to Abu Bakr. It is documented that when Bilal did not give bay'ah to Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab grabbed Bilal by his clothes and said,"Is this the reward of Abu Bakr; he emancipated you and you are now refusing to pay allegiance to him?"To which Bilal replied,"If Abu Bakr had emancipated me for the pleasure of Allah, then let him leave me alone for Allah; and if he had emancipated me for his service, then I am ready to render him the services required. But I am not going to pay allegiance to a person whom the Messenger of God had not appointed as his caliph."Similarly, al-Isti'ab, a Sunni source, states that Bilal told Abu Bakr: If you have emancipated me for yourself, then make me a captive again; but if you had emancipated me for Allah, then let me go in the way of Allah.

This was said when Bilal wanted to go for Jihad. Abu Bakr then let him go." The following is a poem by Bilal on his refusal to give Abu Bakr bay'ah:


 * By Allah! I did not turn towards Abu Bakr,
 * If Allah had not protected me,
 * hyena would have stood on my limbs.
 * Allah has bestowed on me good
 * and honoured me,
 * Surely there is vast good with Allah.
 * You will not find me following an innovator,
 * Because I am not an innovator, as they are.

Being exiled from Medina by Umar and Abu Bakr, Bilal migrated to Syria.

Abu Ja'far al-Tusi, a Shia scholar, has also stated in lkhtiyar al-Rijal that Bilal refused to pay allegiance to Abu Bakr.

Sufism[edit]
Purnam Allahabadi, a Sufi poet whose works originated from the Mughal Empire, composed a Qawwali in which he mentioned how time had stopped when some companions blocked Bilal from delivering the Adhan (which he had seen in his dream), and appealed that it was incorrect. Because the companion Bilal was of an Abyssinian origin, he could not pronounce the letter "Sh" (Arabic: Shin ش ). A hadith of Muhammad reports that he said, "The 'seen' of Bilal is 'sheen' in the hearing of Allah," meaning God does not look at the external but appreciates the purity of heart.

Death[edit]
Grave of Bilal in Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damascus.

Bilal's death is disputed by historians. Some think that he died in 638 AD, while others believe he died in 642.[citation needed] It is said that Bilal was 63 years old when he died.[citation needed]

The Sunni scholar al-Suyuti in his Tarikh al-khulafa wrote: "He (Bilal) died in Damascus in 17 or 18 AH, but some say 20 AH, or even 21 AH when he was just over sixty years old. Some said he died in Medina, but that is wrong. That is how it is in al-Isabah and other works such as the Tahdhib of an-Nawawi."

When Bilal's wife realized that death was approaching Bilal, she became sorrowful. It is documented that she cried and said, "What a painful affliction!" However, Bilal objected his wife's opinion by stating, "On the contrary, what a happy occasion! Tomorrow I will meet my beloved Muhammad and his host (hizb)!"

Descendants and legacy[edit]
The descendants of Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi are said to have migrated to the land of Ethiopia in East Africa. The Imperial family of Mali in West Africa also claims descent from him. Another alleged tomb of Bilal in Amman, Jordan

Though there are some disagreements concerning the hard facts of Bilal's life and death, his importance on a number of levels is incontestable. Mu'azzins, especially those in Turkey and Africa, have traditionally venerated the original practitioner of their profession. The story of Bilal is the most frequently cited demonstration of Islam's views of measure people not by their nationality nor social status nor race, but measuring people by their Taqwah (piety).[additional citation(s) needed] Which is demonstrated in Muhammad's The Farewell Sermon in Mina: O people! Your Lord is one Lord, and you all share the same father. There is no preference for Arabs over non-Arabs, nor for non-Arabs over Arabs. Neither is their preference for white people over black people, nor for black people over white people. Preference is only through righteousness.

—  In 1874, Edward Wilmot Blyden, a former slave of African descent, wrote:

The eloquent Adzan or Call to Prayer, which to this day summons at the same hours millions of the human race to their devotions, was first uttered by a Negro, Bilal by name, whom Mohammed, in obedience to a dream, appointed the first Mu'azzin. And it has been remarked that even Alexander the Great is in Asia an unknown personage by the side of this honored Negro. test 1