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= Organised Crime in Indonesia =

Overview
Organised crime in Indonesia refers to the planned crimes in Indonesia that could be done by the political party, or Indonesian Gangs also known as preman. They undertake illegal activities such as corruption, cybercrime, violence, drug trafficking, and other crimes.

Corruption
Indonesia’s corruption rank has decreased since its peak in 2007 to a predicted rank of 97 by the end of 2018. Indonesia suffered their worst corruption rank in 2007, during the reign of president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. However, their improvement in corruption rank is shown during the presidency of the current president, Joko Widodo.

The latest controversy of one of the biggest corruption cases in Indonesia involves Setya Novanto. The multimillion-dollar corruption on electronic identity cards has been directly linked to him, costing the country $US170 million in state losses. Novanto was nowhere to be found during his scheduled arrest for corruption, leaving his wife and lawyer behind. 24 hours later, he was found in an emergency room after an apparent car crash, claiming that he wasn’t trying to avoid investigators even though it is the second time he was hospitalised with unusual reasons. Suspiciously, his hospitalisation occurred after his two-time accusation in corruption.

Cybercrime
Piracy is one of the most neglected problem in Indonesia. Pirated DVDs and CDs are sold incredibly cheap, in a range of Rp 8000 to Rp 10000, which attracts low to middle class consumers, instead of original DVDs or CDs that ranges from Rp 50000 to Rp 200000. Because of this, the country managed to lose about 6 trillion rupiah per year. Additionally, the disks are made to be recycled, increasing the desire of sellers to make more pirated disks. These pirated disks are often found in basements of well-known shopping centres in Jakarta.

The existence of illegal streaming cites strongly contributes to the cybercrime in the country. It is safe to say that there has been a decrease in illegal cites in the music industry as two thirds of the cites have been taken down by the end of 2017. The usual routine of illegal cites on creating newly named websites that share content that has been taken down will slowly but surely die down, as there will be less viewers which leads to less revenue as well.

Violence
In 2016, Jakarta alone has reported 61 murders, 59 rapes, 1596 aggravated assaults, 26 burglaries, 637 thefts, and 2914 vehicle thefts. Crime in Indonesia has peaked up spectacularly because of income inequality between the rich and the poor. Therefore, it is no surprise if there are high crime rates of pickpocketing and credit card scamming in the country. Block M and Glodok, areas in South and North Jakarta respectively, have high rates of criminal activities, as well as bars, night club, drug dealing, and prostitution.

Homicide
There were half cases per 100,000 people for homicide rates in Indonesia in 2014 which fell drastically from one case per 100000 people back in 2000. Even then, it is still inevitable that Indonesia has some of the largest crime rates. The reason behind it being poverty and income disparity. An author of The Spirit Level, Richard Wilkinson, who is also the co-founder of equality trust, argues that over 60 papers have stated that higher inequality result in higher homicide rates. Typically, within the city, the poor areas are considered to be much more dangerous. Having a radical disparity of wealth is claimed to be an incentive for violent crimes. The lack of respect from one person to another in the country also could be a factor to this, as sources state that people could end a life just because of dissing looks the other gave them.

One of the infamous homicide cases include the murder case of an eight year old named Angeline in Bali. She was found in her back yard in Bali back in May 2018 and her family announced her disappearance on social media. The main suspect of this murder is her adoptive mother Magriet Megawe which was later convicted and found guilty. There was sufficient evidence that she has been mentally and physically abusing Angeline for a long time.

Another case of homicide that have occurred in Indonesia is the rape and murder case Enno Farihah who was a factory worker. She was found dead and naked in Tangerang, in her boarding house with a hoe handle impaled into her lady part. The three suspects include her boyfriend and two others, people on which she refused to have sex with due to the fear of getting pregnant.

The recent, very controversial homicide case that has become viral in Indonesia and throughout the world is the murder of Mirna Salihin. She is suspected to have passed away drinking coffee that was spiked with cyanide. The main suspect was her own best friend, Jessica Kumala Wongso, who was said to be furious and jealous at Mirna who was then in what Jessica said a troublesome relationship. She was later found guilty and sentenced to 20 years in prison. This case was all over the news as it was the trial went on for months.

Terrorism
One of the first controversial terrorist attacks in Indonesia was during the 2002 Bali bombings. A little more than a decade later, there was up to 7 suicide bombs and a string of gunfights that took place in Sarinah, in Jakarta on January 14, 2016, which was speculated to be coordinated by the Islamic State (ISIS). This caused the death of seven people which includes a police officer, a foreigner, and five bombers. About 17 people were wounded and it took security forces three hours to end the terror that happened near the Starbucks café of Sarinah. As the Indonesian terrorist, Aman Abdurahman is currently in court for this attack, his people have been speculated to have taken things into their own hands and get revenge which resulted in the Surabaya Bombings and another chain of events around the country.

In 13 to 14 May 2018, the first ever terrorist attack arranged by an entire family occurred in two consecutive days, in the small city of Surabaya during the Surabaya Bombing. This event triggered another terrorist attempt that happened two days later in Pekanbaru, Riau as four men attempted to attack a police station in Sumatra. This attempt terror to the police office caused the deaths and injuries to some police officers and journalists. All this terror happening within a week directed police to conduct a search of people that have taken children to be suicide bombers.

Drug Trafficking
Indonesian borders lack of security and weak as people can easily go through with drugs, natural resources, persons, and illegal immigrants. Cannabis usage and supplies in Indonesia increased in these past few years, also a recent increase in other drugs such as crystal meth and ecstasy, multiplying HIV infections as people often share needles. Adding to this information, Indonesia also acts as a drug port, accepting supplies from Europe and other parts of Asia. It is also known that a lot of criminal groups from around the world operate within the country.

West Africa, China, Europe, and Iran ships illegal drugs in and out of the Indonesian soil, with organised crime groups present in the illegal drug industry of Indonesia. The most mass produced drug in Indonesia run by organised crime groups is methamphetamine, also known as shabu.

One of the most controversial drug trafficking incidents was of the Bali Nine, where 9 Australians want to smuggle drugs from Indonesia, back to their home country. There is a lot of cases of drug trafficking to Bali as recently, also an Australian man, tried to smuggle in ecstasy and amphetamines across the Indonesian Border.