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Beginning in the 18th century, there was a custom of Black Kings and Governors in New England. Some colonies or towns would hold elections for African American men to select an esteemed leader for the local Black community. While their power was circumscribed by the system of slavery, the Black governors served as judge, mediator, and liaison for their community.

Election Day was a festival day, providing a break from labor and an opportunity for the enslaved to subtly mock their enslavers and show pride in their heritage. The nomenclature varied depending on whether the British Crown appointed the governor (New Hampshire and Massachusetts) or whether the colony held a charter (Rhode Island and Connecticut). In Crown colonies, black men elected black kings. In charter colonies, black men elected black governors. African-Americans elected kings in Portsmouth, N.H., Salem, MA and Lynn, MA. Black governors were elected in Newport and Narragansett, RI. In Connecticut, black governors were elected in Derby, Durham, Farmington, New Haven, Norwich, Seymour, Wethersfield, and Woodbridge.

Nero Brewster
Nero Brewster was a long-standing Black king of Massachusetts. He was born in Africa and taken to America to be enslaved as a child. He was sold to Col. William Brewster of Portsmouth, Massachusetts. Brewster and 19 other slaves petitioned the New Hampshire legislature to abolish slavery in 1779. The petitioners wanted them to “hold true to the ideals upon which the Revolution was based.” The request was ignored. In 2013, New Hampshire Governor Maggie Hassan posthumously granted Brewster and 14 of the petitioners their freedom (the other 6 had been freed during their lifetime). Hassan said, “It is a source of deep shame that our predecessors did not honor this request. But today, more than 230 years too late for their petition, we can say that freedom is truly an inherent right.” Brewster died in 1789, still enslaved. He was described as “A monarch, who, while living, was held in reverential esteem by his subjects; consequently, his death greatly lamented.”

Prince Whipple, an illiterate prince of Africa and sold into slavery as a child, may have run against Nero in an election. He served as General Whipple’s bodyguard during the Revolutionary War and at the Battle of Saratoga. He accompanied him to the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Legend has it that he was at the crossing of the Delaware with George Washington.

Pompey was an honored African prince. He too had been captured and sold, but was freed when he grew too old to work. He moved to a home near the Saugus River in Massachusetts and each year he hosted a party for the African bondmen from the area. Pompey and the other old men spent hours telling stories of happier days in their homeland along the Gambia River in West Africa.

In the period from about 1750 to 1850, there were at least 31 black governors in New England.

William Lanson
William Lanson was elected Black Governor in New Haven for the years 1825 to 1830. Lanson was an engineer and builder, responsible for New Haven's Long Wharf and the New Haven portion of the Farmington Canal.

Eben Tobias
Eben Tobias was Black Governor from Derby from 1840-1845. His son, Ebenezer Bassett, was the first African American diplomat, serving as the United States Ambassador to Haiti from 1869 to 1877; before that, he had been principal of the Institute for Colored Youth, later Cheyney University.

https://todayincthistory.com/2022/10/16/october-16-the-united-states-first-african-american-diplomat/

Peleg Nott
Peleg Nott was elected Black Governor in Hartford in 1780. Nott was enslaved by Jeremiah Wadsworth, a merchant, politician, commissary for the Continental Army. Nott drove a provisions cart during the American Revolutionary War and supervised Wadsworth's farm in West Hartford. Wadsworth freed Nott and his wife and granted him property in Hartford.[1][3]

Legacy
Salem Willows is an oceanfront park in Salem, Massachusetts where election day continues to be commemorated. I

Biography
Theophilus Gates was born in 1787 in Hartland, Connecticut. As a young man, he left town to travel, teach and eventually preach. By 1810, he had settled in Philadelphia and he began to publish religious tracts and pamphlets. He became acquainted with Lorenzo Dow, the itinerant preacher and John Humphrey Noyes, the future founder of the Oneida Community.

In 1837, Gates began to develop and publicize his religious philosophy by publishing and selling the broadside “Battle-Axe and Weapons of War”. It opens with a quotation from the Book of Jeremiah (51:20): “Thou art my battle-axe and weapons of war; for thee will I break in pieces the nations; and with thee will I destroy kingdoms.” He wrote "The truths of the Battle Axe are from the Lord and those that have opposed them will have to bear their own shame." Gates railed against Sunday blue laws, organized religion, clergymen, and marriage. While Gates was married, he described marriage as "man and wife, so called, living in strife and disagreement" and believed this institution would fade away.

Gates believed that the coming of Christ changed the very nature of human love. He believed that "falling in love" was "an enchantment of the devil". Gates instead advocated a "free intercourse between sexes" instead of monogamy. His free-love ideal emphasized kindness, generosity and tenderness for the loved one. Gates established a small community (along with Hannah Williamson) for himself and his followers to live out their ideals in East Coventry Township, Pennsylvania. The area became known as Free Love Valley due to two of the more controversial tenets of his sect: nudism and polyamory.

Gates died in 1846 and was succeeded by Williamson. An unsolved murder within the community ultimately led to its breakup. One of the members, Hannah Shingle, was murdered in her own home with her own axe. The sect dissolved and Williamson left the area in 1857.

Description and history
The building was designed by Payne and Keefe. It is a fortress-like structure with a red brick exterior in a Romanesque revival style. The building consists of three main parts: a vast vaulted drill hall, a surrounding u-shaped head house, and an extending wing on the west. The four-story entry tower of the headhouse dominates the facade with "STATE ARMORY" engraved near the top. The building features basket-weave brickwork, arches, corbelling, and a molded cornice. The enormous 150000 sqft interior space has meeting rooms, offices, lounges and a lobby area. The drill hall is 30560 sqft of unobstructed space and features a web of steel trusses spanning the ceiling.

The building has served as a venue for dog, antique and boat shows, as well as exhibitions and concerts, with artists including Frank Sinatra and the Tommy Dorsey Band. A home show held at the armory in the 1940's included a full-sized Cape Cod house. It played a role during the New Haven Black Panther trials in 1970 as the staging ground for the National Guard response to protests. Annual "Black Expos" were held at the armory in the 1970's to promote and discuss economic, political, and social concerns important to the African-American community.

Ownership was transferred to the City of New Haven in 2009 when both guard units moved to other facilities and the armory was deemed surplus. Efforts to secure funds so that the building can be renovated to serve the community are ongoing. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.

History
Technological progress in the early nineteenth century fostered an interest in the teaching of applied science and engineering. Harvard established the Lawrence  Scientific School in  1846,  Dartmouth began the Chandler  Scientific School in  1852 and Yale began the Sheffield Scientific School in 1846.

The college was founded by Dr. Alfred L. Kennedy (1819-1896) studied civil and mining engineering as well as medicine, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1848. He pursued further study in Europe, studying physiology and physiological chemistry in Paris and Leipzig, and geology and botany in Paris.

He lectured on medical chemistry at the Philadelphia College of Medicine and was elected professor there in 1849. In 1842, he started the Philadelphia School of Chemistry which became the Polytechnic in 1853 when it received its charter from Pennsylvania. Kennedy was made President and served until near the end of his life. Financial problems forced the school to close in 1890.

The school was located at the corner of Market Street and West Penn Square.

Notable alumni

 * Joseph Earlston Thropp, United States Representative from Pennsylvania
 * Rachel Bodley, Dean, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania
 * Allen Evans, partner of the architect Frank Furness
 * Louis Francine, Colonel who fought in the American Civil War in the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg, where he was wounded and subsequently died

rudolph hunter

george a. piersol

The Education of Engineers in America before the Morrill Act of 1862 Terry S. Reynolds History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4  (Winter, 1992), pp.  459-482 Published by: History of Education Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/368959