User:Stazlouken/sandbox

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Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention
Things to change:

Introduction:


 * 1) Pre-exposure prophylaxis in definition for PrEP, some people may not know what that means- DONE
 * 2) Said PrEP definition again, will delete to make more concise- DONE
 * 3) PrEP in HIV/AIDS prevention is said again in 3rd paragraph. Repeating itself.
 * 4) “Increased risk of contracting HIV”- can be deleted, has been said above to already say “higher risk of acquiring HIV”- CHANGED MIND, KEPT IT
 * 5) Update citations #2, based on a pdf from 2014 CDC.- DONE
 * 6) See if citation #3 needs updating.- DONE
 * 7) UK studies in intro might not be needed, what does it mean in “uncontrolled environments”?- DONE
 * 8) Check citation #5, what is it?- DONE
 * 9) Remove FDA hyperlink, not needed. Distracting- KEPT IT IN
 * 10) Check whether Descovy is still only approved for males- CHANGED
 * 11) Double check guidelines from WHO, most updated was 2021- DONE
 * 12) Dapivirine vaginal ring? Check citation #8 (WHO guidelines)
 * 13) Give summary of article in the Intro section, maybe less on history of drugs can be moved to the Medical Research Section. Medical uses, contrindications, side effects, societal and cultural views on PrEP use, and Research.

Medical Uses:


 * 1) Indications for use section:
 * 2) Check if 2021 is last updated recommendations for PrEP
 * 3) Get rid of CDC hyperlink, already have one above
 * 4) Check recommendations for PrEP
 * 5) Maybe make a new section of types of PrEP instead of having it in the beginning? Could be too wordy with drug names and patients might what it seperated to get the barebone facts then go into the nitty-gritty of what drug they know/were prescribed.
 * 6) UK guidelines may need updating, only do if have time. Focus on rest of article
 * 7) Other countries, there is some data for China but only do it have time
 * 8) ELIGIBILITY, FOLLOW-UP CARE, DOSAGE Section: Medical uses is not same as eligibility, follow-up care, and dosage. Maybe change Section to Medical research or something? Then have medical uses/guidelines, etc. underneath
 * 9) First sentence has no citation, check guidelines and add in
 * 10) Check if people are actually asked to see provider every 3-6 months. Guidelines are based on 2014 guidelines, update with newest version for CDC
 * 11) Check if actually become resistant to emtribitabine. Add in citation if so.
 * 12) Review HIV pre exposure Prophylaxis: A Revie article (citation #12) for that sentence
 * 13) Add in better citation for first sentence fo paragraph #2 in this section. Also may be uncessary first sentence? Kinda confusing to read. Instead of focusing on bad, focus on good. “Not 100% effective” could be worded differently
 * 14) What other combination prevention strageties are there apart from condoms? Also why is it in there that they may experience the signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS. Seems redundant to have.
 * 15) Methods for PrEP needs an update. Does not have to be taken daily, there are injectivblbles. NO citations in this area. Need to fix.
 * 16) CHeck about the pregnancy test section. Check if renal function and STI assessment is correct.
 * 17) Effectiveness of PrEP can  be elaborated on.
 * 18) Event-driven PrEP: The first sentence makes no sense. Can shorten, say there are other options.
 * 19) NEEDS CITATION! 86% reduced risk? Where did this come from? This was in canada and France. CHeck for systematic reviews about event-driven PrEP
 * 20) Check if not used with women?
 * 21) PrEP during pregnancy and postpartum:
 * 22) Where is the citation for safety in pregnant people?
 * 23) Look over citation #21, may need to update that last sentence in this paragraph

Contraindications:


 * 1) Check current contraindications for these drugs

Side Effects:


 * 1) Where is citation saying it is safe for most people?
 * 2) Nausea, headache dont need to be highlighted
 * 3) Check citation #24
 * 4) Too medically wordy, no one knows that glomerula filtration rate.
 * 5) Check citation #25 regarding renal issues
 * 6) Daily med citations? REMOVE, find some secondary sources for this.
 * 7) NEEDS secondary resources! There’s articles in here, not necessary. Need to find actual resources regarding side effects.
 * 8) Check osteopenia articles, any secondary sources? Is this needed if no significant difference?
 * 9) Would you need ART side effects in this section? Need to add article citation here.
 * 10) Double check citation #22
 * 11) Said again in last paragraph Descovy vs. Truvada. Make more consider, double check source. And secondary articles?
 * 12) Boxed warnings:
 * 13) what medications? Need citations.

Access/Adoption:


 * 1) Adoption of what?
 * 2) Reword last sentence of paragraph
 * 3) Update JULY 2012 WHO guidelines, don’t need to keep the 2012 recommendations. Get rid of quotations, use in own words. Plus the citation is from 2014, use new citations.
 * 4) Fix citation for New Zealand section.
 * 5) Check the pricing section, right pricing? Right citation?
 * 6) Needs updating, “expected fall 2020…”
 * 7) Fix this whole section, no evidence of this part.
 * 8) Is this California part needed?

Politics and Culture:


 * 1) Too wordy to read, fix first sentence
 * 2) No evidence for second sentence
 * 3) Adds in magazine articles, need to remove.
 * 4) Too many magazine articles, where are the secondary sources?
 * 5) Add in sources in regard to people having higher risk for HIV due to lower access to PrEP, societal barriers, social determinants of health, etc.
 * 6) Impact on culture section: Where is the citation in culture of men who have sex with men section? What is this citation for? Why is the last sentence in there? What is the purpose of this section?
 * 7) Barriers to Use:
 * 8) PrEP is underused??
 * 9) Why is the systemic review adding in number of articles/abstracts? Where is the citation?
 * 10) Use citation #83 to word this section better
 * 11) Last paragraph should be moved, this is not a barrier to use, this is part of effectiveness of medication.

Research:


 * 1) Need citation for first one, but sentence itself is unnessesary. What is goal of this section? Why is the second sentence necessary?
 * 2) THESE CITATIONS NEED TO BE UPDATED!! “Thebodypro.com”?
 * 3) Fix citation #88, not a systematic review
 * 4) Fix the next sentence about PrEP injection, already stated above. Can add in some future directions but make sure it is accurate.
 * 5) Update on adolescents using prep if have time
 * 6) Possibliy of increased risk-taking:
 * 7) Any articles regarding condom use and PrEP? That are recent and secondary sources?
 * 8) Any 2nd sources about STIs among PrEP users?
 * 9) Check risk behavior article #111
 * 10) Emerging treatments:
 * 11) Missing citation in this, CAPRISA 004 Trial

Articles regarding PrEP Medications/Research:


 * 1) O Murchu E, Marshall L, Teljeur C, et al. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations. BMJ Open. 2022;12(5):e048478. Published 2022 May 11. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048478
 * 2) Goal of article: Determine effectiveness and safety of ORAL PrEP
 * 3) Methods: MSM, Serodiscordant couples, heterosexuals, people who inject drugs.
 * 4) Conclusions: PrEP significantly reduced risk of HIV transmission in MSM, serodiscordant coupls and people who inject drugs. NOT in heterosexuals.
 * 5) NO findings indicating increased risk for STI.
 * 6) Effectiveness:
 * 7) MSM- PrEP was associated with reduced HIV risk, with high adherence being most effective at lowering risk for HIV.
 * 8) Serodiscordant heterosexual couples:
 * 9) Heterosexuals: no difference in HIV risk but non-adherence reported especially in studies including only women as a subject group. Women had low adherence, no changes where seen in HIV risk.
 * 10) PWID: effective at reducing HIV transmission
 * 11) Adherence and effectiveness:
 * 12) Obviously more adherence accounted for more effective at reducing HIV transmission.
 * 13) Safety:
 * 14) Multiple studies had decrease in renal function but was not consistent in all studies.
 * 15) No findings of increased death with PrEP use
 * 16) No difference between Tenofovir and tenofovir/FTC combination.
 * 17) Risk Compensation:
 * 18) Sexual behaviors, such as use of condoms or amount of partners, was shown to not change following initiation of PrEP.
 * 19) There were NO reported change in STI transmissions with PrEP use.
 * 20) IV drug use was found to be decreased with PrEP.
 * 21) CDC 2021 Guidelines:
 * 22) “PrEP with intramuscular injections of cabotegravir, every 2 months for sexually active men, women and transgendered person with indications for PrEP use”
 * 23) CDC 2021 recommendations include use of cabotegravir, a PrEP intramuscular injection, for sexually active persons who are at high risk for HIV exposure.
 * 24) New guidelines indicate getting kidney function testing prior to starting prep and again at 12 months, with older patients getting testing at 6 months.
 * 25) All sexually active people, including adolescents, should have given information regarding PreP
 * 26) Everyone who injects drugs, men who have high risk sexual behavior. Transgendere women who have sex with men and high risk of HIV exposure
 * 27) IM injections can be used to adults and adolescents with sexual behavior high risk for HIV transmission.
 * 28) need HIV testing prior to starting PrEP
 * 29) Check HIV levels every 3 months for oral PrEP and 4 months for IM prEP
 * 30) FOR ORAL PrEP Risks for HIV infection:
 * 31) Anal or vaginal sex in past 6 months WITH:
 * 32) HIV + partner
 * 33) Bacterial STI in past 6 months
 * 34) History of inconsisten or no condom use with sexual partners
 * 35) Injecting drugs
 * 36) HIV+ injecting partner
 * 37) Sharing injection equipment
 * 38) Contraindications:
 * 39) + HIV status
 * 40) Acute HIV infection signs/symptoms
 * 41) <30 creatinine clearance
 * 42) Follow-up:
 * 43) x3 months: HIV testing, STI testing for MSM, clean needles for PWID
 * 44) 6 months: Renal function if >50 ydays ears or poor kidney function + STI testing for all people
 * 45) 12 months: renal testing, chlamydia testing for heterosexual patients, if on F/TAF- weight TAGs, cholesterol levels
 * 46) FOR IM PrEP:
 * 47) Same risks
 * 48) Sam clinical eligibility
 * 49) Dosage: 600mg as a 3mL injection IV at buttocks, second dose in 1 month, every 2 months after
 * 50) 1 month- after 1st injection- get HIV testing
 * 51) Every 2 months- get HIV testing, give clean needles
 * 52) Every 4 months: STI screening for MSM and transgendered women who have sex with men
 * 53) Every 6 months: Baterial STI for heterosexual
 * 54) every 12 months: Chlamydia for heterosexuals
 * 55) If stopping: can start orals within 8 weeks after last injection
 * 56) Types of drugs:
 * 57) Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF)- Truvada
 * 58) Good for heterosexuals HIV-discordant couples and PWID.
 * 59) Truvada good for adolescents and young adults (at least 33kg or 77 lbs)
 * 60) Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) with emtricitabine (F)
 * 61) “Most insurance companies and Medicaid programs are required to give PrEP medication and follow-up treatment at no out-of-pocket cost to the patient.”
 * 62) Check out article citation # 17 in these guidelines- gives some insight in to disporportant users based on gender/race
 * 63) Check out article #20- systemic review about MSM
 * 64) Check out #34- racism and PrEP uptake in young black MSM
 * 65) 370 guidelines for adults and adolescents
 * 66) Jin G, Shi H, Du J, et al. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care Continuum for HIV Risk Populations: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2023;37(12):583-615. doi:10.1089/apc.2023.0158

Articles regarding PrEP accessibility and awareness:


 * 1) Sun Z, Gu Q, Dai Y, et al. Increasing awareness of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and willingness to use HIV PrEP among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022;25(3):e25883. doi:10.1002/jia2.2588
 * 2) Edeza A, Karina Santamaria E, Valente PK, Gomez A, Ogunbajo A, Biello K. Experienced barriers to adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among MSM: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative studies. AIDS Care. 2021;33(6):697-705. doi:10.1080/09540121.2020.1778628

Women and PrEP:


 * 1) Ruppe LB, Spencer LA, Kriebs JM. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection and the Role of the Women's Health Care Provider in HIV Prevention. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2021;66(3):322-333. doi:10.1111/jmwh.1323
 * 2) Cheek JB, Feldman MB, Montero N, Gambone GF, Hoffman S, Blackstock OJ. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Initiation Among Black and Latina Cisgender Women Receiving HIV Prevention Care Coordination Services in New York City. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(10):3174-3184. doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03661-1

Articles of Global PrEP accessibility:


 * 1) Desai M, Field N, Grant R, McCormack S. Recent advances in pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. BMJ. 2017;359:j5011. Published 2017 Dec 11. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5011:- Yuan D, Yin Y, Chen J, et al. Acceptability of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS. 2022;33(3):218-231. doi:10.1177/09564624211042308