User:Steinberger/sandbox

The practice of providing clean needles to injection drug users can be traced back to at least 1970. In that year, Reggie Lyells of the Berkeley Police Department recall a discussion over the issue at San Francisco State University. The rationale put forth was to deal with jaundice, abscesses and other ill-effects of drug injections. Patricia Case, an early organizer of the needle-exchange program in San Fransisco, recalls that staff at San Francisco General Hospital willingly left packages of needles and syringes unattended when there where injection drug users in the locales in the early 1980s, in the beginning of the HIV epidemic. Samuel Friedman, a sociologist and Don Des Jarlais, a social psycologist, reported in the mid 1980s about a growing black market for syringes and needles as drug users became more concerned about the risk of HIV. They also uncovered a practice where unscrupulous illicit vendors repackaged used needles for sale to unsuspecting consumers.

In 1984 the Amsterdam Junkiebond, a advocacy group for the rights of drug-users, started to exchanging needles and syringes with support from the local health services.

references http://www.aegis.com/law/journals/1993/HKFNE009.html

First community supported needle-exchanges per country


 * 1984 the Netherlands
 * 1986 UK (http://www.drugtext.org/library/articles/902206.html)
 * 1986 Australia (http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2006/11/13/1787374.htm)
 * 1986 Denmark (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_34640_EN_NR2000Denmark.PDF)
 * 1986 Sweden (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1787022) (2006 legalized under municipality discretion) (2012 adoption in Stockholm)
 * 1987 New Zealand (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16011794)
 * 1988 Norway (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20014/full)
 * 1988 USA
 * 1989 Brazil (http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0102-311X2006000400015&script=sci_arttext)
 * 1989 Canada (http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/drugs/needleexchange.html), 1987 unofficially. htt://www.upnbc.org/needleexchange.pdf
 * 1992 France (http://www.gizarte.net/drogodependencias/datos/106537.doc)
 * 1993 Portugal (http://www.vhpb.org/files/html/Meetings_and_publications/Presentations/LISS44.pdf)
 * 1997 Estonia (http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/6/1/3)

Spain, Switzerland, Ireland, Iran


 * http://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article12229182.ab
 * http://www.aftonbladet.se/ledare/ledarkronika/kennetandreasson/article12222435.ab
 * http://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article12221097.ab
 * http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/hatbrott-satter-vardag-pa-prov_7559686.svd