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Women in engineering

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Female education in STEM

Women's health in China

Misogyny in sports

The article "Pay Inequity in Athletics," seems to be a reputable source with good statistics to help represent the gender pay gap on the Misogyny in sports page.

Misogyny in Sports Draft
Changes for the introduction below are underlined.

Misogyny in sports refers to different discourses, actions and ideologies present in various sporting environments that add, reinforce, or normalize the objectification, degrading, shaming, or absence of women. It can range from limiting women's participation to informal reinforcement of the men's status, by comparing it to that of a woman. Misogyny within sports can also include unfair wages, as well as reduced coverage in sports media. Because sports are so popular in today's society, they can be seen as a microcosm for the way people view their culture.

My proposed changes for the “Sexual harassment in the workplace” section are as follows. I plan to add this paragraph in between the second and final existing paragraphs under this section. Some background information is found on the Larry Nassar page.

The USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal that occurred over the course of several years, but came to light in the latter months of 2017 and early 2018 involved former doctor Larry Nassar. More than 250 young women accused Nassar of sexual harassment and abuse. Many of these women were seen and treated by Nassar as a gymnast. Because of his role as the USA gymnastics team doctor, Nassar was able to be alone with hundreds of young women and girls over the course of nearly two decades. Women can often be afraid to come forward with these allegations because of how it may affect their career and how others may see them afterwards. Aly Raisman, a USA Gymnast, explained how the abuse from Nassar had occurred from such a young age, that despite strange thoughts about his treatment methods, she was taught to trust him which is why it took so long to figure out what was happening to her and many other gymnasts and come forward about it.

I also plan to add the following in between the fourth and fifth paragraphs of the “Pay gap” section.

Women’s annual median pay gap in the United States was 19% lower than the men. Supporters of the continued wage gap tend to say that men deserve to be paid more because they are stronger and have greater attendance rates. However, when examining statistics, this opinion is unsupported. In the 2015 Open, the men's champion, Novak Djokovic, served a 125 mph serve. Serena Williams topped this by 1 mph. In 2008 at Wimbledon, the fastest serve in the women’s final was 129 mph, the same as the fastest serve in the men’s final. A fan of unfair pay may say that women deserve to be paid less because their sporting events are less entertaining. However, the main reason for boredom in tennis is long, drawn out points, generally defined as nine rallies or more. In the 2017 open, “long rallies” accounted for 11% of the points in men’s matches, with only about a 1% difference at 12.2% for women. These supporters also like to complain that women tend to use backhands more often than forehands in comparison to men. Both are untrue as backhand winners fall in at 35.7% for women and 30.2% for men. According to statistical analysis, women and men’s tennis games are within comparable measures. As for attendance rates, these are difficult to calculate because most tickets for matches are sold as a pair for the women and men’s game. The only true way to determine the audience size would be to do a head count at every match.

Annotated Bibliography for work on "Misogyny in Sports"
In this article, Eric Anderson explores the idea that men might possibly be misogynistic when it comes to sports because they have always been separated from women on athletics. However, when put into an integrated sport, in this case cheer-leading, these sexist feelings against women in sports were greatly reduced. This can be used as a source for me when explaining where misogyny comes from in sports.

Anderson, E. (2008). "I Used to Think Women Were Weak": Orthodox Masculinity, Gender Segregation, and Sport. Sociological Forum,23(2), 257-280. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.00058.x

Anderson, Eric. “‘I Used to Think Women Were Weak’: Orthodox Masculinity, Gender Segregation, and Sport.” Sociological Forum, vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 257–280., doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.00058.x.

In this article, Laura J. Burton deals with a study that took women and men and had them interview a candidate for a potential athletic director position. Even when the female candidates were as qualified as their male counterpart, the men were still preferred by both the men and the women; This looks further into why that is. This can be used as a source for me in order to explain how society (including other women) views men and women differently.

Burton, L. J. (2011). Perceptions of Gender in Athletic Administration: Utilizing Role Congruity to Examine (Potential) Prejudice Against Women. Journal of Sport Management,25(1), 36-45.

Burton, Laura J. “Perceptions of Gender in Athletic Administration: Utilizing Role Congruity to Examine (Potential) Prejudice Against Women.” Journal of Sport Management, vol. 25, no. 1, 2011, pp. 36–45.

This article by Collin R. Flake shows how women are paid significantly less in almost every professional tennis tournament/match, besides the highly publicized events such as the Grand Slam. It mostly examines this around the year 2009 and tries to explain why this is. This will be helpful in providing statistics further support the other information provided in the article.

Flake, C. R., Dufur, M. J., & Moore, E. L. (2012). Advantage men: The sex pay gap in professional tennis. International Review for the Sociology of Sport,48(3), 366-376. doi:10.1177/1012690212442166

Flake, Collin R. “Advantage Men: The Sex Pay Gap in Professional Tennis.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 48, no. 3, 2013, pp. 366–376., doi:10.1177/1012690212442166

This article by Mary E. Guy and Vanessa M. Fenley, explains how the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has influenced women's rights. It also goes over each legislation that has helped advance women's rights and make them more equal to the rights of their male counterparts. The article also talks about the speed of change throughout history and why this is important in regards to advocating for women's rights. ("Rights", in this sense, is inclusive to education, sports, the workplace, and the treatment of women on a day to day basis). It will be useful to me because it helps to show that change has happened and more change is possible, as well as explaining the means necessary for change to occur.

Guy, M. E., & Fenley, V. M. (2013). Inch by Inch. Review of Public Personnel Administration,34(1), 40-58. doi:10.1177/0734371x13510379

Guy, Mary E., and Vanessa M. Fenley. “Inch by Inch.” Review of Public Personnel Administration, vol. 34, no. 1, 2013, pp. 40–58., doi:10.1177/0734371x13510379.

In this transcript of a 60 Minutes interview, Dr. Jon LaPook and professional gymnast, Aly Raisman, discuss how she was affected by the way Larry Nassar treated her and sexually abused her. In the interview, they talk a lot about why the events might have occurred and how it changed the sport for so many gymnasts. It also includes the fact that this was happening to Raisman and so many other victims since they were children, so they really didn't know any better than to just trust him. This will be a great source for me to use when describing how sexual abuse can affect women's participation in sports and how it changes their lives forever, even long after the event has occurred and reached a possible solution.

LaPook, J., Dr. (2018, September 9). Aly Raisman, one of the most accomplished American gymnasts of all time. 60 Minutes [CBS]. Available from NewsBank: https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/16E5E695379A3120.

LaPook, Doctor Jon. "Aly Raisman, one of the most accomplished American gymnasts of all time." 60 Minutes [CBS], sec. News; Domestic, 9 Sept. 2018. NewsBank, infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/16E5E695379A3120. Accessed 17 Oct. 2018.

In this article, James F. Lee examines the British Ladies Football Club (BLFC) and the press surrounding it. The public showed massive interest in the idea of given women a chance to play football, however the press coverage was terrible. If a woman was good and was attractive, then it was awesome; if I woman was good and unattractive then her sexuality was questioned. If a woman played bad, then she was subject to all kinds of ridicule. This article will be helpful in explaining how women are treated in sports, often times because of their "beauty" or lack there of.

Lee, J. F. (2012). The Lady Footballers and the British Press, 1895. Critical Survey,24(1). doi:10.3167/cs.2012.240107

Lee, James F. “The Lady Footballers and the British Press, 1895.” Critical Survey, vol. 24, no. 1, 2012, doi:10.3167/cs.2012.240107.

This article by Margo Mountjoy deals with the Larry Nassar Scandal and the sentence he received, as well as what forms sexual abuse can take in sports and what the impacts are. It also talks about why this was able to continue for so long, and what policies should've been put in place in order to stop sexual abuse. The article also includes how sexual abuse should be managed and what cultural changes need to occur in order for athletes to be able to speak out about sexual harassment in their sport. This article will be important in adding more information about sexual abuse in the workplace and how that can influence women's involvement in sports overall.

Mountjoy, M. (2018, June 23). 'Only by speaking out can we create lasting change': What can we learn from the Dr Larry Nassar tragedy? Retrieved from https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2018/06/22/bjsports-2018-099403

Mountjoy, Margo. “‘Only by Speaking out Can We Create Lasting Change’: What Can We Learn from the Dr Larry Nassar Tragedy?” British Journal of Sports Medicine, 23 June 2018, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099403.

In Craig O'Shannessy's article, statistics of men and women professional tennis players are examined and are shown to be nearly the same. This shows that there really should be no pay gap between genders based on performance and/or ability level. This article will be helpful because the statistics in it will be used to further support the research, claims, and conclusions made in my other articles about the pay gap between men and women in sports.

O'Shannessy, C. (2018). Is Women’s Game Weaker? Nope. Check the Stat Sheet. New York Times,167(58067), D3-D3.

O'Shannessy, Craig. “Is Women’s Game Weaker? Nope. Check the Stat Sheet.” New York Times, vol. 167, no. 58067, 27 Aug. 2018, pp. D3–D3.