User:Steph.G.O/sandbox

Situations affecting judgement and choice were evaluate between how adults and children each dealt with gaining and loosing situations. Compared to children’s framing effects adult tend to judge and choose based on risk and selecting the best of two options or more given. Children appeared to use their judgement to help them consider how good a specific option given might be. When children were challenged to risking in two different scenarios, a positive and negative frame, they appeared to be more risk takers than adults. Having children shown this, it supports the idea that children are less aware of risks in their lives by not treating losses and gains any different when making basic choices (Levin & Hart, 2003; Schlottmann, 2001). A group of children between the ages 6-9 appeared to take more risks with the positive frame scenario involving gaining compared to the negative frame scenario where they would risk loss relating to how adults would decide their decisions (Schneider, 1992). Being exposed to everyday situations the child will be able to decide what judgement or choice they will take, possibly making them take longer to cope with negative framed consequences than positive ones.

Through a series of three experiments it has been suggested that those who receive ideological messages have an effect on their judgements towards Black, Hispanic, and White Americans (Tajfel, 1969; Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Creating a situation promoting racial colorblindness appeared to be influential. When people were presented with multiculturalism it created an awareness in differentiating among stereotypes and anti-stereotype attitudes they held to. It was thought that those who had more multicultural knowledge believing the stereotypes to being true more than those who did not have much knowledge of a certain ethnicity withing their community. Other individuals managed to ignore peoples ethnicity and instead see them as simply an individual by focusing on being colorblind. Prejudice attitudes can be adopted through focusing on a simple ideas of a specific ethnic group and basing it to judge everyone in that group. Framing occurs when a idea is created and is used to make decision or judge based on those believes. In order to break those thought models of negative social judgments a gaining of appreciation towards different cultural groups and understanding that each are human beings might be done (Brewer, 1996; Dovidio, Gaertner, & Validzic, 1998; Gaertner, Rust, Dovidio, Bachman, & Anastasio, 1994, 1996; Marcus-Newhall, Miller, Holtz, & Brewer, 1993). The phenomenon of framing effects was also studied as a factor that contributes to the judgement of truth. In Benjamin E. Hilbig’s article, “Explaining Framing Effect in Judgement of Truth” a review of the different studies in the literature are accessed to explain the effects of a framed statement. Framing effects have been known to mirror the environmental distribution of events (Hilbig, 2009). Predominately, the effects are specifically focused on the negative estimations of framing effects in that people tend to access a statement as true when there is a proportion of instances mentioned will correspond with a portion of the statement. Another possibility that truth rating in negative frame is driven by a co-concept to framing effect known as the informational negativity effect. In other words, when a negative item is present, cognition may be more complex, and fined tuned (Rozin & Royzman, 2001, p.299). In a studied done on the cognition of right handedness in correlation to a stronger sense of accepting a framed situation, participants were given a test with risky choice framing effects when options were negative, while no effect were placed on the positive frame. The results indicated that participants conformed to the positive options but showed no option to the negatively framed options. Mixed handed individuals appeared to make much more risky decision than single handed individuals. This study may indicate that rather than the handedness of the person, it may be right hemisphere of the brain that may be sensitive to taking risks. Christman, Jasper, et al. (2007) studied that the right hemisphere was be responsible for risk taking decisions. Explanations of why mixed handed individuals may be more susceptible to risk may be resolved to the idea that mixed handed participants are more in tuned with the concepts of loss. In conclusion, there is still much to be discovered, but by understanding the impact of frames, components of communication, evaluation, and compliance can improve within the human condition.