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<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --Introduction: Princess Elisabeth (1618-1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was known for her intelligent and caring nature. She was born in Heidelberg, Germany, spendingthe first nine years of her life there. When she was nine, she went to live in Leyden, Holland with her brother and was raised in a nursery palace to complete her studies. After finishing her studies, she was deemed ready to live in The Hague with her mother. Elisabeth was sent back to live in Germany and then eventually took her vows in a Protestant convent at HerfordAbbey in Westphalia. It was there that she became the Abbess of Herford Abbey in 1667. She influenced many key figures and philosophers, most notably Rene Descartes. During her days as head of the Abbey, she provided refuge for many Protestants during a time of great persecution. She is most famous for questioning Descartes' idea of Dualism, or the mind being separate from the body, in addition to questioning his theories regarding communication between the mind and body.The written correspondence of Descartes and Elisabeth is now revered as important philosophical documents, giving insight into the theoretical debates of the 17th century. Elisabeth died in 1680 after suffering from a painful illness for several years. Life: Elisabeth was known and revered by the people around her for her intelligence. Known as "La Grecque" ("The Greek"), she was fluent in multiple languages, including Latin. She had a particular aptness for the classical languages. She was very well rounded, obtaining an education in history, geography, and mathematics. It is said that she also dabbled in the fine arts, such as painting, dancing, and poetry. Elisabeth was taught by her mother, her grandmother, and various tutors throughout the various stages of her life. However, this extensive education did not seem to satisfy Elisabeth's hunger for knowledge. Throughout her adult years, she would engage in written correspondence with many renowned intellects and contemporaries of her time10. In addition to being reputed for her intelligence and distinguished correspondences, Elisabeth was known for her piety and humility. While many people of her time may have liked to have read her correspondence, or heard directly from her, she refused to have her letters to Descartes or any others published in her lifetime. This left her in relative obscurity for almost two hundred years after her death, until a French aristocrat discovered and made public her writings. Although she is best known for her correspondence, particularly with Descartes, Elisabeth was perhaps most passionate about her Protestant faith and spent most of her adult life promoting Calvinism. Toward the end of her life, she had taken in a small band of followers while she presided of the Abbey of Herford. An Abbey was known as a refuge of liberty during a time a severe persecution for Protestants. She allowed many of the persecuted into the city and took them under her care. Elisabeth was known as both a pious and virtuous woman, ahead of her time in intelligence and liberal thinking. She was respected by many, and said to have influence with numerous key people, who in turn, went on to influence others, including Descartes and William Penn. Penn was influenced by her generosity and later noted that in his reception of the Reformed Church in America3. Elisabeth of the Palatinate Timeline: (Courtesy of Oregon State University) 1618: Born on December 26th at Heidelberg. Spends first nine years of her life living with her grandmother and aunt in Silesia. 1627: Joins her parents at The Hague, a city in Holland, where they have been exiled to after her father lost his throne. 1631: Elisabeth's father dies. 1642: Reads Descartes' Meditations on First Philosphy and becomes interested in him, followed shortly thereafter by their first meeting. 1643: Begins correspondence with Descartes. 1646: Elisabeth's brother, Philip, stabs Monsieur L'Espinay in public for bragging about flirting with Elisabeth's mother and sister. Angering her mother by defending him, Elisabeth is sent away to live with her aunt in Germany. During this time, she introduces many of Descartes' works and philosophy to German professors, increasing his popularity. 1649: Descartes accepts an invitation to stay with Queen Kristina of Sweden, in part to plead the case of Elisabeth and her family, who had been requesting the help of the Queen in the return of her father's Palatinate lands. 1650: Descartes dies in Sweden. 1667: Elisabeth joins a protestant convent at Herford in Westphalia, eventually becoming the abbess. While serving as abbess at the Herford Abbey, Elisabeth oversees about seven thousand people and their homes and families. She also turns the place into a refuge for people seeking religious freedom and asylum. This includes many people of a different faith from her, such as Jean de Labadie and Quakers including William Penn and Robert Barclay. 1680: Elisabeth passes away after struggling with a painful illness for many years.5 Titles of Office & Ancestry: Titles & Offices Held: The main title held by Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess of Palatinate, was Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, seven years after taking her vows in 1660 AD. This occurred a little over one hundred years following the change of the Abbey from being an independent territory of the Holy Roman Empire to that of Lutheranism, specifically, Calvinism, due to the Electors of Brandenburg. She served as coadjutrix, or aid to the abbess, before her indoctrination. During her reign, she provided refuge for many sects, including Labadists and Quakers. Famous Quakers such as Robert Barclay, Jean de LaBadie and William Penn would visit Elisabeth while she was at Herford Abbey in attempts to convert her. There is the possibility that her niceties toward them were due to the political matters of the time, when many of the Quaker faith were attempting to reinstate the English throne. While being the head of the abbey, Elisabeth held a watchful eye over the multiple vineyards, farms, factories and mills that were attached to the abbey. This included approximately seven thousand people who helped run the daily tasks of the order and its subsidiaries until her death in 1680.7 However, Elisabeth of Bohemia was known to harbor a strong curiosity for scientific and religious theory, so it may in fact have been more than just a passing concern. This was not the first time she had been pressured to convert to Catholicism.1,7. She was offered the chance at becoming a Queen. When she was not yet fifteen years old, the king of Poland, Ladislaus IV, asked for her hand in marriage on the condition that Elisabeth left her Lutheran faith and took up the beliefs of her future husband, which were rooted in Catholicism.9 While Elisabeth refused the marriage due to religious differences, though it was not religion or vast age difference that doomed the match. Elisabeth’s family was more concerned with the political backlash of a family member marrying an enemy of Sweden, one of the only allies with Palatinate, in a time when war, exile and outrageous spending habits put the family in a very precarious position. This offer of marriage was one of the only to Elisabeth due to the stigma of both her family’s lack of wealth and her vast intellect, which was seen as unbecoming of a royal female.2,6 Ancestry: Past & Present The family line stems from the House of Stuart and Orange on the maternal side, which ruled England from 1603 to 1714 AD. The paternal line stems from the House of Palatinate-Simmern, a line that originates from the House of Wittelsbach. The House of Wittelsbach is a German empire stemming from Bavaria, linked to both Sweden and Greece. Elisabeth of Bohemia was the third child and first girl of thirteen children. She had eight brothers and four sisters. A few of her siblings died as children, most notably the eldest and heir to the throne, Frederick Henry drowned at the age of fifteen. Her younger brother Louis died not long after his birth. She spent the majority of her childhood with her maternal grandmother, Queen Anne of Denmark, while her parents traveled. Despite being the first daughter, she was seen as absent, and in her later years as a burden on her family, of which they constantly reminded her. This could be considered the main reason she spent most of her adult years traveling until joining the abbey. Elisabeth followed in the footsteps of her younger sister. Louisa Hollandine, became Abbess of Maubisson1, a Catholic Religious Order in 1664, while Elisabeth became the head of a Lutheran Abbey6. Several of her siblings married, becoming royals in their own right, cemented through marriage. Her siblings also produced several well-known heirs amongst their many children. Among her nieces and nephews were George I King of England, Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia, Princess Anne Henriette of Arches, Benedicta Henrietta, Duchess of Brunswick-Luneburg (also known as Hanover, Germany) and George I Rákóczi of Transylvania. List of Elisabeth of Bohemia’s Siblings: Frederick Henry (1614–1629) Drowned Charles Louis, Elector Palatine (1617–1680) Had three wives: Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, Marie Luise von Degenfeld, & Elisabeth Hollander von Bernau, Elisabeth (1618–1680) Rupert, Duke of Cumberland (1619–1682) Had two illegitimate children Maurice (1620–1652) Louise (1622–1709) Louis (1624–1625) Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern (1625–1663) Married: Anna Gonzaga Henriette Marie (1626–1651) Married: Prince Sigismund of Siebenbuergen John Philip Frederick (1627 or 1629–1650) Charlotte (1628–1631) Sophia, Electress of Hanover (1630–1714), Married: Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover Gustavus Adolphus (1632–1641) For a further look at the lineage of Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia & how her lineage is linked to Queen Elisabeth II of England, please see these sites: 1.	http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/House_of_Wittelsbach.html 2.	http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/TheStuarts.aspx 3.	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry_charts_of_the_current_British_Royal_Family 4.	http://www.britroyals.com/royals.htm 5.	http://www.britroyals.com/stuart.htm Contributions to Knowledge: Descartes & any other figures: Elisabeth met Descartes on one of Descartes' visits to The Hague4. Descartes visited The Hague to meet some of the leading intellectual figures in Holland who might support his philosophy. The Hague was often a gathering place to meet other influential, powerful people. As Descartes talked of his ideas, Elisabeth intently listened and became very interested in Descartes' thoughts of the mind and body. After Descartes' visit, it was told to him that Elisabeth had been very interested in his work. Descartes was flattered and told others that he would like to get to know the princess better. Descartes made another visit to The Hague, and was intent on having a conversation with Elisabeth, although this conversation for some reason did not happen. Elisabeth, upon hearing of Descartes' failed attempt to converse with her, wrote Descartes a letter. In this letter, dated May 16th, 1643, Elisabeth writes, "tell me please how the soul of a human being (it being only a thinking substance) can determine the bodily spirits and so bring about voluntary actions"8.Elisabeth is questioning Descartes' idea of dualism and how the soul and the body could interact. Elisabeth rightly questioned how something immaterial (Descartes' idea of the mind) could move something material (the body). Descartes replied to Elisabeth's letter with the answer that this interaction should not be thought of as between two bodies and that it is the kind of union that exists between the two qualities of heaviness and bodies8. Elisabeth was not satisfied with this answer, so she wrote Descartes again. In this letter, dated June 20, 1643, Elisabeth writes that she cannot, "understand the idea through which we must judge how the soul (nonextended and immaterial) is able to move the body, that is, by that idea through which you have at another time understood heaviness"8. In another letter from Elisabeth to Descartes dated July 1, 1643, Elisabeth agrees with Descartes that our senses are evidence that the soul does move the body and the body moves the soul, but that this interaction does not teach us anything about how this happens8. In Elisabeth's correspondence with Descartes', we can see that Elisabeth assumes that Descartes does have an account of how the soul and body interact and asks for clarification on how the soul does this7. In fact, Descartes did not have an exact account of how this happens, but merely assumed the soul had this capability. This particular correspondence between Descartes and Elisabeth ended with this July 1st letter. The correspondence began again, but two years later. In this correspondence, Elisabeth and Descartes discuss an illness Elisabeth suffered from in the summer of 16457.Descartes writes to Elisabeth that he thinks her symptoms are caused by sadness. This could very well have been true, as one of Elisabeth's brothers had challenged a suitor of Elisabeth's mother or sister and then stabbed the suitor in public7. This caused Elisabeth much distress and worry. This specific correspondence between Elisabeth and Descartes is often ignored by many historians, as they see it as insignificant, but a few regard it as influential in that Descartes and Elisabeth seem to be talking of the "passions of the soul", as Descartes referred to them. Some historians have remarked that Elisabeth could have been a philosopher in her own right if it had not been for a lack of a systematic presentation of her philosophical position7. We can although infer her philosophical position through her letters with Descartes and think of her as an important philosophical figure of her time. In addition to Descartes, Elisabeth held correspondence with many others, including various Quakers. Among them most notably were Robert Barclay and William Penn. While they seemed to have the aim of converting her to their faith, Elisabeth seemed to be focused on the intellectual interest of their ideals and beliefs.7 She also held a correspondence for a time with the "Dutch Minerva," Anna Maria Van Schurman, who encouraged Elisabeth to further her studies in history, physics, and astronomy. While their correspondence was not extensive, Van Schurman was a mentor to Elisabeth and guided her in her scholarly studies. She was respected and revered by Princess Elisabeth to a great degree. Elisabeth asked for her advice on new topics and subjects of study often. Van Schurman took the initiative in giving Elisabeth her opinion on the new discoveries of their time. The area in which they seemed to diverge was in their opinion of Descartes. Elisabeth was intrigued by the new Cartesian philosophy and wanted to learn more about it. Van Schurman, however, emphatically refuted the idea when Elisabeth inquired about it, instead defending the traditional Aristotelian-Christian view. As much as she respected Van Schurman, this did not stop Elisabeth from pursuing her interest in Descartes and his doctrine. Elisabeth eventually contacted Descartes to request his instruction in philosophy and mathematics, keeping a long-standing correspondence and friendship. It has been speculated that Elisabeth's correspondences and deep connection with Descartes effectively ended her communications with Van Schurman.10

References 1.	Godfrey. (1909). A Sister of Prince Rupert. New York: John Lane Company MCMIX 2.	Gorst-Williams, Jessica. (1976). Elisabeth the Winter Queen. London: Abelard-Schuman Limited. 3.	Johnson, W.C., (n.d.). Princess Palatine Elisabeth: champion of religious liberty. Leben: A Journal of Reformation Life. Retrieved from http://www.leben.us/index.php/component/content/article/47-volume-1-issue-3/138-princess-palatine-elizabeth 4.	Nye, A. (1999). The Princess and the Philosopher: Letters of Elisabeth of the Palatine to Rene Descartes. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers 5.	 Oregon State University. Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia (1618-1680).Retreieved from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/Elisabeth.html. 6.	Plowden, Allison. (1996). The Stewart Princesses. Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. 7.	Shapiro, L. (2013). Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2013/entries/elisabeth-bohemia/ 8.	Shapiro, L. (2008). Princess Elizabeth and Descartes: The union of soul and body and the practice of philosophy. British Journal for the History of Psychology, 7(3), 503-520. 9.	Stiftung Westfalen-Initiative. Online Biography of Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatinate. http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=1517&url_tabelle=tab_person 10.	Van Dijk, S. & Nesbitt, J. (2004) I Have Heard About You: Foreign Women's Writing Crossing the Dutch Border: From Sappho to Selma Lagerloff. Denmark. Uitgeverij Verloren.