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The Lanka Electricity Company (Private) Limited (also abbreviated as LECO), is the largest electricity distribution company in Sri Lanka. With a market share of nearly 100%, it controls all major functions of transmission, distribution in Sri Lanka. It is one of the only two on-grid electricity companies in the country; the other being Lanka Electricity Company. The company earned approximately LKR110.9 billion in 2008, with a total of nearly 4.1 million consumer accounts.

Opened in 1969, the company now has a total installed capacity of 2,684 MW, of which approximately 1,290 MW is from thermal energy, and 1,207 MW is from hydroelectricity. Due to low wind resource, rough terrain and poor road conditions in Sri Lanka, CEB owns only one 3 MW wind farm in Hambantota, known as the Hambantota Wind Farm. The farm consists of five turbines, measuring 600 KW each. CEB also manages numerous hydroelectric dams such as the Victoria Dam, and power plants such as the Norocholai Coal Power Station.

Background
Prior to 1982, and from the inception of the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) or much earlier, the Department of Electrical Undertakings (DGEU), the supply of electricity was done by Local Government Authorities - The Urban Councils (UCs) Town Councils (TCs) etc., under the Ministry of Local Government. They were termed Licences in terms of the Electricity Act and every year they had to renew their licenses, paying a fee. The electricity thus sold in bulk to the licensees was retailed to the consumers on a tariff approved by the Ministry for Power and Energy. The monies so collected from consumers by the local authorities were remitted to the Ceylon Electricity Board, regularly. However, as time passed, the local authorities failed to remit, making use of the funds for other activities of the local authority, which made the CEB face a severe cash liquidity problem. Repeated requests and warnings by the CEB, even to the extent of discontinuing supply had no effect. Under these circumstances, the Ministry for Power and Energy had to find a way out. When the matter was brought to the notice of His Excellency the President J. R. Jayewardena, who was also the Minister for Power and Energy,

However, Secretary to the Ministry, Prof. K. K. Y. W. Perera, recommended the setting up of a special committee to look into possible alternatives. The committee comprised of Prof. K. K. Y. W. Perera, as Chairman, and members - R. Abeyratne Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Local Government, Housing and Construction, M. Somasunderam, Director, Public Enterprises, H. S. Subasinghe General Manager, CEB and the Secretary to the Committee was P. B. N. Fernando, Deputy General Manger (Transmission CEB). The Committee considered six options, one of which was for the CEB to take over and distribute electricity, which was considered unacceptable due the work load which CEB had. Under the circumstances, the committee recommended the formation of an Electricity Distribution Company with Ceylon Electricity Board, Urban Development Authority and the Local Authorities participation. A Cabinet paper was submitted on the acceptance of the recommendations by his Excellency, and thereafter, taking action to register the company under the Register of companies ordinance etc. The first General manager of this newly formed Company (LECO) was Mr. H. S. Subasinghe, who had just retired as General Manger of CEB. footing.

Organizational structure and workforce management
The company's formal organizational structure involves a hierarchical system. The Chairman and the Board of Directors make up the top of this structure. The executive head of the organization is the Managing Director under whom five Executive Directors, two General Managers, two Chief Engineers, twelve Superintending Engineers, two Deputy General Managers and one Company Secretary operate the executive duties.

To increase effectiveness in its field activities, DESCO has established 16 Sales & Distribution (S&D) divisions under 3 operational zones.

Operational zone and sales & distribution (S&D) division
The Superintending Engineer is in-charge of a zone who supervises the Executive Engineers, the key responsible person of each S&D Division. Each Executive Engineer accomplishes his duties by two Sub-divisional Engineers, one for system related activities and another for commercial related activities. Two Assistant Engineers act as assisting body under each Sub-divisional Engineer.

System related activities include scheduled maintenance, troubleshooting and breakdown maintenance of substation and switching stations, troubleshooting of customer complaints, line & equipment maintenance etc. Commercial related activities include meter reading, distribution of monthly electricity bills, service disconnection of the defaulter consumer, customers’ house wiring inspection, new electric connection, meter installation, change of old or unserviceable meter etc.

DESCO has outsourced a group of experienced workers for field level activities, including other logistic support services like security service, cleaning service and partial transport service. To this end, DESCO engaged in several experienced contractors through competitive bidding process. With the proper maintenance of the distribution system, service complaints from consumers have been reduced significantly.

The procedure for new connection has been simplified to achieve greater consumer satisfaction and efforts are on to further reduce the average time now taken. DESCO team tries their best to give a new connection within 21 working days. To make it more simple and quick DESCO has launched “Online Application” on 23 February 2012 for new connection and DESCO is the first distribution company in the country which has started it.

ICT division
The company has a group of IT experts for Management Information System (MIS) and for developing new software as on demand. “E-Governance” is such a software developed by the DESCO IT team which has simplified the new connection related job in a very smart way. This team is also continuously working for a better complaint management, monthly bill process and collection, miscellaneous bill collection and correction, maintaining DESCO website and E-mail Communication and to set up inter-office Wide Area Network (WAN) Connectivity. DESCO website is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protected and a consumer can pay their monthly bill easily online using debit or credit cards.

Substation & network division
DESCO has 26 33/11 kV substations and it has a separate division named Substation & Network to maintain these substations. The division has an Superintending Engineer under the Chief Engineer, Network Operation. This division is divided into two departments: Medium Voltage Substation Maintenance & Commissioning (MVSSMC) and Grid & Protection (G & P). Services including electric power substation inspection, troubleshooting of any equipment operation, testing of any substation relay for proper operation, testing and commissioning, test reporting are done by these two departments.

DESCO's Central Control, located at Gulshan, is under the Substation & Network division for optimal scheduling and dispatch of electricity among the 6 divisional control centers. To enable this, the control centre is equipped with a reliable communication network, an accurate data acquisition system (DAS) and a visual display system for live data received from various locations. It was also proposed that a fully equipped supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system was established, for a more reliable and faster data processing and data formatting system.

Development & project and Planning & design division
Electricity is a constantly developing technology and to be consistent with this development DESCO has two separate division for Development & Project and Planning & Design. A project is typically managed by the project division in the five following steps: 1. Identification of need and development of the concept.

2. Analysis of the options and approval.

3. Implementation.

4. Evaluation.

5. Future plans. DESCO has completed a study to ascertain load demand and consumer growth in the area up to the year 2030 with 5 years phasing. The report shows that the load demand of DESCO will increase to 1,129 MVA by the year 2015, to 1,910 MVA by the year 2020, to 3,489 MVA by the year 2025 and to 6,288 MVA by the year 2030. Accordingly, DESCO has prepared a plan to cater this increasing load demand. For this purpose, 117 new 33/11 kV substations and 28 new 132/33 kV grid substations will be required along with upgrades of some existing substations. Presently a number of projects are in an implementation stage under the "Sustainable Power Sector Development Program" (SPSDP) and on turnkey basis by DESCO's own fund. In partnership with others, the Planning & Design division supports to plan and implement these projects in a disciplined way.

In 2014,Media Spokesperson at the CEB, Senajith Dassanayake said the generation of hydro power has dropped to 35%. As a result, 60 percent of the electricity needs have to be fulfilled by thermal energy

Regulated electricity distribution
SA Power Networks operates its electricity distribution business under a licence granted by the Government of South Australia.

The business is subject to regulation by the Australian Energy Regulator and Essential Services Commission of South Australia. Regulation of the business primarily relates to the tariffs required to meet regulated service standards cost efficiently.

SA Power Networks ABN 13 332 330 749 is a partnership of: CKI Utilities Development Limited http://ckh.com.hk/en/global/home.php PAI Utilities Development Limited (Each incorporated in The Bahamas) ABN 65 090 718 880 ABN 82 090 718 951 Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 1) Pty Ltd Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 2) Pty Ltd Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 3) Pty Ltd (Each incorporated in Australia) ABN 54 091 142 380 ABN 19 091 143 038 ABN 50 091 142 362 Principal place of business: 1 Anzac Highway Keswick, South Australia, 5035 Australia Telephone (08) 8404 5667 Postal address: GPO Box 77, Adelaide, SA 5001

Electricity distribution
Vector owns and operates the electricity sub-transmission and distribution networks across the majority of the Auckland Region, from Wellsford in the north to central Papakura in the south, and over the Tamaki Strait to Waiheke Island. The network consists of 18,116 km of lines, fifty-four percent of which is underground, at voltages of 110 kV, 33 kV, 22 kV,11 kV and 400 V. Electricity is taken from Transpower's national grid at fourteen grid exit points: Wellsford, Silverdale, Albany, Wairau Road, Henderson and Hepburn Road for the northern network, and Mount Roskill, Hobson Street, Penrose, Otahuhu, Pakuranga, Mangere, Wiri, and Takanini for the southern network. Due to differing vector groups, the only distribution level connection between the northern and southern networks is via a phase-shifting transformer between Avondale zone substation (Mount Roskill) and Brickworks zone substation (Hepburn Road). In October 2016, Vector installed a 1MW/2.3MWh lithium-ion battery for grid strengthening near Glen Innes in Auckland. It consists of 24 Powerpacks.

In the year to 31 March 2016, the Vector distribution network had a normalised System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) of 117.0 minutes and a normalised System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) of 1.11. This level of network reliability means that on average, each customer typically experiences a power outage of 1 hour 45 minutes duration every 11 months.

Network statistics
As of September 2011:


 * Total Line Length: 84,026 km
 * Area covered: 150,000 km2
 * Customers: 730,273
 * Zone Substations 70
 * Zone Substation Transformers (66kv to 22kv): 137
 * Distribution Transformers (22kv to 240v): 81,553
 * Poles: 535,941
 * 31,865 Customers supplied via single-wire earth return rural grid
 * Wires Underground: 10.6%
 * 86% classified as 'rural'
 * Network Availability: 99.96%

Development
In 2011,Ceylon Electricity Board opened a new coal power plant named Puttalam Lakiviaja.On 13 February 2011 it was synchronized with the system

On 17 September 2014,US$1.35 billion coal-fired Norochcholai Power Station was commissioned by the Chinese President Xi Jinping on his visit to Sri Lanka.The Export-Import Bank of China provided a US$450 million loan for the first 300 megawatt unit at the power plant.

Blackouts and Shut downs
Ceylon Electricity Board is widely criticized due to it's frequents power cuts. It has lost 25.5 billion rupees in 2011 and run up debts of 121 billion rupees with a petroleum distributor and independent power producers.

On October 2010, during a test run, a fire broke out in the chimney due to clogging.Splits in the cooling system piping triggered a shutdown down of the power plant.The Ceylon Electricity Board decided to institute blackouts to households and Industries for three hours a day until the fault is fully repaired.

On Decemeber 2013, more leaks were discovered in the cooling system, The CEB decided that the plant was too dangerous to operate at the moment. Ceylon Electricity board requested assistance from CMEC, and the company said that it would take about six weeks to fix the faults. After frantic negotiations, the plant was repaired by CMEC and brought back online.A day later it failed once more and was shut down again for six more days.

In 2014,Minister of Power and Energy,Hon. Pavithra Wanniarachchi, addressed the parliament saying that, out of the 1086 days since the Norochcholai power plant had been operating, it had been offline for 271 days.

Billing
In 2012,CEB lost 61.2 billion rupees and the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation which supplied fuel below cost 89.7 billion rupees.To cover up the loss CEB increased power tariffs in large scales.The CEB expected to get revenues of 223 billion rupees from the price hike, or 45 billion rupees more than the earlier tariff and still lost 33 billion rupees in 2013 on total expenses of 256 billion rupees.

On 16 September 2014,After officially opening a completed $1.35 billion Chinese-financed 900 MW coal power plant project,Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa addressed the nation saying that the electricity bills of the people will be reduced by 25%. The CEB stated that it will take about two weeks to come up with a process of creating electricity bills to reflect the reduction in prices.

Infrastructure
In terms of infrastructure, MSEDCL operates a vast far flung network comprising
 * 33 kV, 22 kV & 11 kV transmission lines,
 * Sub-stations and Distribution Transformers spread over 3.08 lakh km2 geographical area of Maharashtra covering 41,095 villages and 457 towns. It has 2680 sub-stations & Switching Stations with 49,000 MVA of transformation capacity, 10,334 HV feeders, and several thousand circuit km of HT and LT lines.

Human resource development
MSEDCL has a workforce of about 76,000 employees. This force is the real asset of the company. The welfare and well being of this asset has been given top priority by the company. As such it has enhanced the scope of training facilities to a great extent. In addition to the existing 4 training centers, MSEDCL has recently established well equipped 25 training centers at Circle offices which impart necessary training to line staff. Every year about 20000 employees are put through refresher/professional/HR trainings. Safety is given special importance and safety training is imparted to line staff on regular basis. Engineers are also deputed to various other well reputed training centers outside Maharashtra for training under MDP module and also deputed for training under DRUM Project of USAID on regular basis.

Social responsibility
In last 2 years, about 2000 wards of deceased employees have been provided with jobs. Two ITIs at Vaijapur (Dist. Aurangabad) and Kalyan have been adopted to improve facilities their to help the local population.

Major subsidiaries
As Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. is a holding company, there are several major wholly owned subsidiaries.
 * TEPCO Power Grid - Responsible for managing power grid around Kantō region and transmits and distributes electricity between electricity wholesaler and retailer.
 * TEPCO Energy Partner - Electricity retailer operating under "TEPCO" brand throughout Japan, except Okinawa.
 * TEPCO Fuel & Power - Operates fossil fuel power stations mainly for TEPCO Energy Partner.
 * Tokyo Electric Generation Company - Generates wholesale electricity for electricity market.
 * Tokyo Electric Power Services Co. Ltd (TEPSCO) - Provides consulting services for electric power industry.

Other business activities
SA Power Networks also competes in the un-regulated energy market providing infrastructure construction and maintenance services to industry and government.

Listings and shareholding
The equity shares of NTPC are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.

In Sep. 2015, Government of India held around 74.96% equity shares in NTPC. Over 680,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 1.92% of its shares.Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 10.03% shareholding.

In February 2016, the GOI divested further its 5% stake in NTPC through OFS (Stock Exchange Mechanism) and reduced the holding of GOI in NTPC to 5,76,83,41,760 shares i.e. 69.96% out of total 8,24,54,64,400 shares.

The balance is held by public, FIIs, Mutual Funds and Banks.

Owners
Major shareholders of INTER RAO are Russian state-owned entities.

List of largest shareholders of INTER RAO as of February 26, 2014.
 * Rosneftegaz - 27,63%
 * FGC UES - 18,57%
 * INTER RAO Capital - 13,93%
 * Norilsk Nickel Group - 13,21%
 * VEB - 5,11%
 * RusHydro - 4,93%
 * Minority shareholders - 16,65%

Boris Kovalchuk is the CEO of Inter RAO. The company is a client of registered lobbyist and former Labor party senator, Nick Bolkus.

Management
The PLN is Indonesia's second-largest state company by assets. The top level management, headed by the president director, reports to a government-appointed board. The board and the PLN management in turn report to the Minister of State-Owned Companies. President directors of PLN since 1979 have been as follows:

Difficulties came to light during early 2011 over arrangements during the management period of the long-serving (2001-2008) PLN president director Eddie Widiono Suwondho. Questions arose over certain procurement procedures which he supported. He was taken into questioning by Indonesia's Corruption Eradication Commission in March 2011. In December 2011 he was convicted to five years imprisonment for charges that centred on the appointment of a company to handle the provision of outsourced services for the PLN.

Major shareholders

 * Ministry of Economic and Finance - 25.5% (according to CONSOB data - updated on May 27, 2015).
 * People's Bank of China - 2.004%

Subsidiaries
Eesti Energia has following subsidiaries:


 * Enefit Energiatootmine. Consists of the Narva Power Plants and the Narva Oil Plant The company generates 95% of electricity produced in Estonia, and furnishes the city of Narva with heat. The company is also engaged in sales of fly ash, which can be used in agriculture and production of construction materials.