User:Suandre

About me
André Summermatter is a Master Student in agricultural Science at the ETH in Zürich. In a lecture serie of Prof. Walter the students try to improve wikipedia entries concerning alternative crops.

Link to an article about this lecture of Prof. Walter in "ETH Life" magazine: http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/110725_Wikikulturpflanzen_su.doc/index_EN

= Carissa macrocarpa =

Distribution
Carissa macrocarpa is manly growing in coastal areas in South Africa. It can be found on sand dunes and on the edges of coastal forests in Eastern Cape Province northwards from Natal to Mozambique. Today the plant is also growing commonly in southern Florida and is cultivated in southern California.

Propagation
Carissa macrocarpa is quite easy to grow. Its seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. The development of the seedlings is very slow at first. Plants cultivated from seeds are bearing fruits within the first 2 years. A vegetative propagation is possible and preferred. The most efficient method consists of notching young branchlets by cutting them halfway through. Then they are bent downwards and allowed to hang limply. After the young branchlets have built a callus, approx. after 2 months, the cutting has to be removed from the parent and has to be plant in sand under moderate shade. Roots form within one month. Carissa macrocarpa will produce fruits within the first 2 years applying this reproduction method.

Fertilizing
The maintenance of Carissa macrocarpa is simple. The plant needs a standard, balanced fertilizer (equal amount of N, P, K) for successful fruit production.

Pollination
In the homeland of Carissa macrocarpa night-flying insects pollinates the big white flowers. Out of its origin area unfruitfulness has been attributed to inadequate pollination. However, hand pollination is possible and in future poor pollination could be avoided by cultivation of floral structures that are highly favourable for self-fertilization.

Orchard design
Narrow hedges are recommended as orchard design for Carissa macrocarpa due to its prickles. Like this the access to the fruits which are growing on the top of the bush is much simpler. Pruning the plant is beneficial because it induces the development of more fruiting tips. Beyond cutting, little pruning work has to be done to restrain the bush form massive growth. This results in an increasing amount of fruits per plant.

Harvesting
With a minimal yield of 3 tons per hectare under commercial production in South Africa, the productivity is considered as high. The main fruit production is in summer with slightly varying ripening times. So each fruit must be picked when it is ripe. Under good growing conditions the plant also produces many fruits during the off-season. During the harvest attention must be paid to the ripe fruits’ skin as it can be easily bruised and is highly perishable.

Cultivars for crop-production
Horticultural Scientists in South Africa and the USA (Florida and California) have selected and named several Carissa types which tend to produce fruits more reliably. The fruits are larger, have a good texture and contain less seeds. In California they selected Fancy (many large fruits with few seeds), Torrey Pines (good crop-production and abundant pollen), Frank (good pollen supplier but low yield), Chelsey and Serena. In Florida Gifford is one of the best fruit bearers. In Africa C. haematocarpa is defined suitable for drier areas and C. bispinosa for higher altitudes.

Environmental requirements
Carissa macrocarpa requires warm, moist subtropical climate. It tolerates different exposures as full sun and fairly heavy shade. As a coastal plant it can deal very well with salty ocean spray..