User:SuperTah

Hello! I am currently living in Australia. I typically edit articles relating to paleontology, history, nature and Abya Yala. I also like making distribution maps.

Feel free to post a message on my talk page, or send me a message via WP:Discord :)

PT

Google Scholar vs. Ngram Viewer

New
Ice free corridor, full article on pre-Clovis settlement, Mexican Transition Zone, Leptobison/Bison hanaizumiensis, List of extinct Pleistocene megafauna split from QEE, Miocene aridification of Australia, "Vanishing Indian" paradigm, Arroyo del Vizcaíno site, ?execution by dog?

Expand/rework

 * Neochoerus
 * "Giant ground sloth"
 * Megatherium
 * Panthera atrox
 * Mixotoxodon
 * Beringia
 * Eskimo
 * Euryzygoma
 * Warendja
 * Ramsayia
 * Euowenia
 * Gazella praegaudryi
 * Megabelodon
 * Lasiorhinus (angustidens)
 * Zygolophodon
 * Notiomastodon
 * Equus fraternus
 * Equus semiplicatus
 * Tremarctos
 * Plionarctos
 * Equus conversidens
 * Theriodictis
 * Pão de queijo
 * List of mammals of North America
 * Surameryx & Amahuacatherium debate
 * List of South American animals extinct in the Holocene (widespread usage of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates as cal. BP)
 * Talk:Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene (ditto)
 * Tiger?

Active projects & previously curated articles/heavy duty work
50%+ authorship Others
 * Hartley Mammoth Site
 * Arctodus
 * Battle of Bloody Brook
 * Arctotherium
 * Paul Fitzgerald (actor)
 * Tremarctinae
 * Paleocene ammonites
 * Atlantic Plain
 * Olive legless lizard (visit Dr Ian Brennan @ ANU)
 * Anhanga (insect)
 * Mount Blanco
 * Quaternary Extinction Event
 * Hoploscaphites
 * Discoscaphites
 * Baculites
 * Panthera onca mesembrina
 * Wartime sexual violence
 * Gryposuchus
 * Gryposuchinae
 * Nesotrochis
 * Hypnomys

Articles to use
Pleistocene Ecology

Younger Dryas vs Bølling–Allerød extinctions
 * Paleobiology of a large mammal community from the late Pleistocene of Sonora, Mexico,
 * La Paleodieta de Cinco Especies de Mamíferos Herbívoros Rancholabreanos de Valsequillo (Puebla, México),
 * Megafauna and ecosystem function from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene
 * The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems
 * Collapse of terrestrial mammal food webs since the Late Pleistocene
 * Unraveling the consequences of the terminal Pleistocene megafauna extinction on mammal community assembly
 * Rapid range shifts and megafaunal extinctions associated with late Pleistocene climate change
 * Sahul's megafauna were vulnerable to plant-community changes due to their position in the trophic network
 * Younger Dryas environments and archaeology on the Northwest Coast of North America
 * The megaherbivore gap after the non-avian dinosaur extinctions modified trait evolution and diversification of tropical palms
 * Anachronic Fruit Traits and Natural History Suggest Extinct Megafauna Herbivores as the Dispersers of an Endangered Tree
 * Ecological consequences of Late Quaternary extinctions of megafauna
 * Pleistocene megafauna from eastern Beringia: Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretations of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope and radiocarbon records
 * Tropical and western influences in vertebrate faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida
 * The Early Pleistocene (Latest Blancan-Earliest Irvingtonian) Froman Ferry Fauna and History of the Glenns Ferry Formation, Southwestern Idaho
 * On the evolution of large size in mammalian herbivores of Cenozoic faunas of South America
 * Fossil evidence of frequency range of hearing independent of body size in South American Pleistocene ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra)
 * Cranial and endocranial comparative anatomy of the Pleistocene glyptodonts from the Santiago Roth Collection
 * Paleofaunistics of nonmammalian vertebrates from the Late Pleistocene of the Mississippi-Alabama Black Prairie
 * Paleoecology of extinct Xenarthrans and the Great American Biotic Interchange
 * Palaeoecology of the Mammoth Steppe fauna from the late Pleistocene of the North Sea and Alaska: Separating species preferences from geographic influence in paleoecological dental wear analysis
 * Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction
 * Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions on the continents: a short review
 * Paleoecology and radiocarbon dating of the Pleistocene megafauna of the Brazilian Intertropical Region
 * Chronological, taphonomical, and paleoenvironmental aspects of a Late Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil
 * A carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of Pleistocene food webs in North America: Implications for paleoecology and extinction
 * Biochronology and paleobiogeography of mammals in the late Cenozoic of North America souther: Space-time approach
 * A warm thermal enclave in the Late Pleistocene of the South-eastern United States
 * Overlapping paleoichnology, paleoecology and taphonomy: Analysis of tooth traces in a Late Pleistocene-early Holocene megafaunal assemblage of Brazil and description of a new ichnotaxon in hard substrate
 * Megafauna kill sites in South America: A critical review
 * More on overkill, the associational critique, and the North American megafaunal record: A reply to Grayson et al. (2021)
 * An assessment of the contribution of fossil cave deposits to the Quaternary paleontological record
 * The controversy space on Quaternary megafaunal extinctions
 * Revisiting Paleoindian exploitation of extinct North American mammals
 * Ñuagapua (Chaco, Bolivia): Evidence for the latest occurrence of megafauna in association with human remains in South America
 * Geographic and temporal trends in proboscidean and human radiocarbon histories during the late Pleistocene


 * Climate, environment, and humans in North America’s Great Basin during the Younger Dryas, 12,900–11,600 calendar years ago
 * Pre–Younger Dryas megafaunal extirpation at Rancho La Brea linked to fire-driven state shift

Modern Ecology Beringia
 * Longleaf Pine Vegetation of the Southern Atlantic and Eastern Gulf Coast Regions: A Preliminary Classification
 * East / West Gulf Coastal Plain: Open Pine / Savanna
 * Ecological Regions of North America (EPA)
 * An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm & predecessor article for WWF bioregions
 * WWF Bioregions Map
 * The legacy of the extinct Neotropical megafauna on plants and biomes & the megafaunal 'mechanical' defense line
 * Diet and habitat of the saiga antelope during the late Quaternary using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios
 * Solving the woolly mammoth conundrum: amino acid 15N-enrichment suggests a distinct forage or habitat
 * Pleistocene vertebrates of the Yukon Territory

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Panthera atrox
 * New records of tayra (Eira barbara Linnaeus 1758) in Puebla, Central Mexico
 * Carnivores (Mammalia) from areas of Nearctic–Neotropical transition in Puebla, central Mexico: presence, distribution, and conservation
 * The breadth of the Mexican Transition Zone as defined by its flowering plant generic flora

Other Felids
 * First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico
 * Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea
 * Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), Resolve its Position within the Panthera Cats
 * The fossil American lion ( Panthera atrox ) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications
 * Craniomandibular Morphology and Phylogenetic Affinities of Panthera atrox: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of the Lion Lineage
 * Nueva evidencia de Panthera atrox (Mammalia, Felidae) en el Pleistoceno Tardío de Chiapas
 * Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity
 * A Pleistocene Lion-like Cat (Pantheva atrox) from Alberta (distribution map)
 * A complete sabertooth cat cranium from the Midcontinent of North America and its evolutionary and ecological context (sexy map)
 * Homotherium serum and Cervalces from the Great Lakes Region, USA: geochronology, morphology and ancient DNA
 * Sabertooth carcass consumption behavior and the dynamics of Pleistocene large carnivoran guilds
 * Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe - northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art
 * The First Radiocarbon-dated Remains of the Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Pleistocene of Poland
 * Scimitar cat (Homotherium serum Cope) from southwestern Alberta, Canada
 * Evolutionary History of Saber-Toothed Cats Based on Ancient Mitogenomics
 * Dietary ecology of the scimitar-toothed cat Homotherium serum
 * The large jaguar that lived in the past of México: a forgotten fossil
 * Endocranial Morphology of the Extinct North American Lion (Panthera atrox)
 * A detailed life history of a Pleistocene steppe bison (Bison priscus) skeleton unearthed in Arctic Alaska (Panthera atrox)

Glyptotherium


 * Late Pliocene Glyptodontinae (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae) of South and North America: Morphology and paleobiogeographical implications in the GABI
 * Two new glyptodont records (Mammalia: Cingulata) from the late Pleistocene of Tamaulipas and Tlaxcala, Mexico: Implications for the taxonomy of the genus Glyptotherium
 * North American Glyptodontines (Xenarthra, Mammalia) in the Upper Pleistocene of northern South America
 * Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism of Glyptotherium texanum (Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Pliocene and Pleistocene (Blancan and Irvingtonian NALMA) of Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico
 * [https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272649/1-s2.0-S0016699518X00047/1-s2.0-S0016699517301870/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDkaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDnEtCnP8E6f%2F4zZSohsPNsiC3MKaXgZjpZe5RFws2AXQIgeLg0LVI227jnflv1W1ctSyad6DHIV1CVvJuz%2BgPJJ3YquwUIwv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDMPkYEjo4vPyn1X5DiqPBVp2FZTQ1%2BTvY3Kdaf%2FOgTNfKwYCRznonID7l%2B7xjgOZKVhq3nmBSpWRUrEmG1zh0iMu8OT9WKnUzZ7tlvNFFgOpw8WHKsJ1xOb0MS5hYwI6xVFjbuHfvMhF9OIhYAWURQMmr%2BWFrKBlFDYyepg%2B8GxYz76S8YJd%2FUPE%2B%2BE71Gyt1Mupn3UcUiCrwEfE1we0kRjtFSBOeuLUI%2FY0tCrjbFwFSOxkQ7dj5OF6jPkryizUrQc67o%2BKU9PMWBWDzCGbxc7kuKwff2aHduct1rkj%2FZHF869xy2sS48ZVH17gCnvln%2BQjlj5Y1nPYAiAcdGqSvhul%2FEm0XJ1Fjug%2Bjd%2FPjDLEG1G8MpvYBRi5wKTAEJPvtL5RWtomw3kNn2OVR%2Ffxuy7VL8vg2BqdUI68PK%2FENfoxAvHo3vdhM7fNonX5Qs4B3tunqbEFEucSPZRyPQIv680%2B%2B7QWXCae1jDu%2F1jr1OewMeyraCsaI3JNDayDKiQLpu6VbzJc2QGmTVNNDBSEKdOoA6X85rOGg8L1qOWrDijx3OPcDCqdEOBKG%2Bru3gNnFb8S0WywDGCeOihdFdqDDmHXoYGGICZzBfvWoDYZq2m3QdtlC2NvGGwVvPAY1nLHGW2d2PRJ0dJxre%2B%2B9XmL9%2B3WIHTqt2qVkxHEkYzW%2BweI%2FHxvE0R2uMiDEIm%2B6GuAx7c%2BFW23fNqt5HPo4WMFjHXu%2F6vXkUO3E2GYz3U3tibUuxL7cJuWw66SSVEAWwWOsgfzuKmJqsUxEbj4q%2FmNYx4Vs6i9ltTnji4%2BuHlZixU%2BzR4D8fEzjl4NRj8gzi5v3hIoWxO92sN8goWzzyaKnl74twu1EzqEa2JUgHbFMBG%2FPvATAxyhofHbE%2FaXxZkwiNG2rAY6sQHGnUqZs4Goiszig9OVZbDLpGr8vu6XWSYUDqJbgQlXqiYaV3xCsvveO4cwyZn%2BujCXyECelAI%2FmixQJ8wSniC6TbqbUSbI%2BEWks%2BC6nnEIEzIQtXotdAm6NyToKp8e9SUO6%2FpOt9wOAzDfgGRwxPSIAadjQmvi23MgnyXNMWkmfkq%2Bxxtpll3fL9dCL31yVHqsoJCFPezSTyz75IRBHf4i5fYZOzL8v2DpoN40IXeR2s4%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20231228T173930Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY7GK3ONWD%2F20231228%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=66b045bfa43105cad60dce6f9f4a15dc933c2ff4a371f0f6cbf5808eca28577b&hash=e5bed10c11d9b9f5502a1d4242c155a863798f2712af96ead28aa962847bf8aa&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0016699517301870&tid=spdf-4ed8caa2-0ce8-4278-974b-ad8158a20aab&sid=c5a0036e5058604eae3af9384984ebcec62agxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=1b155a5105055d545453&rr=83cb9542b94faadd&cc=au A tale of two clades: Comparative study of Glyptodon Owen and Glyptotherium Osborn (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae)]
 * Accessory protection structures in Glyptodon Owen (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae)
 * Isotopic paleoecology (δ13C, δ18O) of two megamammals assemblages from the late Pleistocene of Brazilian intertropical region
 * The Pleistocene Glyptodontidae Gray, 1869 (Xenarthra: Cingulata) of Colombia and some considerations about the South American Glyptodontinae
 * Glyptotherium cylindricum (Cingulata, Glyptodontidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Guatemala: the most complete record of Glyptodontinae from Central America
 * The most complete known Neogene Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from northern South America: taxonomic, paleobiogeographic, and phylogenetic implications (Glyptodontinae?)
 * Los Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra): Historia biogeográfica y evolutiva de un grupo particular de mamíferos acorazados
 * Diet and habitat definitions for Mexican glyptodonts from Cedral (San Luis Potosí, México) based on stable isotope analysis
 * Distinguishing Quaternary glyptodontine cingulates in South America: How informative are juvenile specimens?
 * ESR dating of late Quaternary megafauna fossils from João Dourado, Bahia, Brazil
 * On the presence of Glyptotherium in the Late Pleistocene of Northeastern Brazil, and the status of "Glyptodon" and "Chlamydotherium". Paleobiogeographic implications

Other Xenathra Notoungulata Proboscidea Humans
 * A new specimen of Eremotherium laurillardi (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Chiapas, southern of Mexico, and comments about the distribution of the species in Mexico
 * A new record of Paramylodon harlani (Owen 1840) (Xenarthra, Pilosa, Mylodontidae) from the late Pleistocene of Valsequillo, Puebla, with comments on its paleobiogeograpy and paleoecology in Mexico
 * Clovis foragers overlapped chronologically with Jefferson’s ground sloth in Iowa
 * Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Glyptodont and Pampathere (Xenarthra, Cingulata) from Sonora, Mexico
 * A new species of glyptodontine (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae) from the Quaternary of the Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia: phylogeny and palaeobiogeography
 * First record and description of an exceptional unborn specimen of Cingulata Glyptodontidae: Glyptodon Owen (Xenarthra)
 * Los Glyptodontinae (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae) del piso/edad Chapadmalalense (Plioceno tardío): revisión y aportes a su conocimiento
 * Fossil Xenarthran Mammals From Venezuela – Taxonomy, Patterns of Evolution and Associated Faunas (dissertation)
 * Xenarthrans of the collection of Santiago Roth from the Pampean Region of Argentina (Pleistocene), in Zurich, Switzerland
 * Cranial and endocranial comparative anatomy of the Pleistocene glyptodonts from the Santiago Roth Collection
 * Evaluating Habitats and Feeding Habits Through Ecomorphological Features in Glyptodonts (Mammalia, Xenarthra)
 * A New Glyptodont (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: New Clues About the Oldest Extra-Patagonian Radiation in Southern South America
 * Gliptodontes del Pleistoceno tardío de Agua de las Palomas, campo del Pucará, Catamarca, Argentina. Variaciones morfológicas del caparazón de Glyptodon reticulatus Owen, 1845
 * Los Xenarthra (Mammalia) del Mioceno tardío-Plioceno del norte de la Provincia de Jujuy y su comparación con aquellos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
 * The first occurrence of a Toxodont (Mammalia, Notoungulata) in the United States
 * Guatemala's Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) fauna: Revision and interpretation (potentially another transition zone)
 * Camelidae
 * A new specimen of Camelops hesternus (Artiodactyla, Camelidae) from Valsequillo, Puebla, Mexico, with comments about their dietary preferences and the population density of the species
 * On the possible utilization of Camelops by early man in North America
 * Diversity of the fossil gomphotheres from South America
 * Proboscidea from the Big Cypress Creek fauna, Deweyville Formation, Harris County, Texas
 * Native Americans in Colonial New England and the World System (PhD)
 * Restraining Atrocity: The Conduct of King Philip's War
 * Latino / a Voice in Australia: Negotiating bilingual identity (2003)
 * Mexicans Recall Last Apaches Living In Sierra
 * Early Human Settlement of Northeastern North America
 * A Review of Late Pleistocene North American Bone and Ivory Tools
 * New insights into early paleoindian (Gainey) associations with proboscideans and canids in the Niagara peninsula, southern Ontario, Canada
 * Taphonomy of two last glacial maximum mammoth sites in the central Great Plains of North America: A preliminary report on La Sena and Lovewell (LGM people)

Rodentia Agriotheriinae Tremarctinae Diverse
 * A Late Pleistocene capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae, Hydrochoerinae) from near Houston, Texas, USA, with a brief review of North American fossil capybaras
 * A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange
 * The First Capybaras (Rodentia, Caviidae, Hydrochoerinae) Involved in the Great American Biotic Interchange
 * New fossil remains of Quaternary capybaras (Rodentia: Caviomorpha: Caviidae) from the intertropical region of Brazil: morphology and taxonomy
 * A new species of Hydrochoerus (Rodentia: Caviidae: Hydrochoerinae) from the Pleistocene of San Diego County, California, USA with remarks on capybara biogeography and dispersal in the Pleistocene of Western North America
 * Description of the Neochoerus specimens from the late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Chiapas, and comments on the taxonomic identity of the fossil capybaras from other Mexican localities
 * A Dental Microwear Texture Analysis of the Early Pliocene African Ursid Agriotherium africanum (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae)
 * Ursidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Quaternary of western Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Taxonomical, stratigraphic, and chronological aspects
 * Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications
 * Megafauna Extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas
 * Plionarctos, a tremarctine bear (Ursidae: Carnivora) from western North America
 * Late Quaternary geology, archaeology, and geoarchaeology of Hall's Cave, Texas
 * Pleistocene paleoecology and feeding behavior of terrestrial vertebrates recorded in a pre-LGM asphaltic deposit at Rancho La Brea, California
 * The extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna in the Pampa of southern Brazil
 * Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications
 * New Late Pleistocene megafaunal assemblage with well-supported chronology from the Pampas of southern South America
 * Late Pleistocene South American megafaunal extinctions associated with rise of Fishtail points and human population
 * The Rancholabrean Record of Carnivora: Taphonomic Effect of Body Size, Habitat Breadth, and the Preservation Potential of Caves
 * Carnivore Dental Adaptations and Diet: A Study of Trophic Diversity within Guilds
 * Late Quaternary chronology and extinction of North American giant short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) Baryshnikov et al. (1994)?
 * The Trophic Position of Pleistocene and Modern Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) of Yakutia Based on Stable Isotope Analyses Baryshnikov et al. (1994)?
 * Morfología de los dientes deciduos de algunos tremactinos (Ursidae: Tremarctinae) : Descripciones, comparaciones y posibles implicancias filogenéticas?
 * A Review of Bear Evolution
 * Descriptive study of the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder and brachium in kinkajou (Potos flavus) and an evolutionary analysis within the suborder Caniformia
 * Exceptional high-frequency hearing and matched vocalizations in Australian pygopod geckos
 * Cenozoic dinosaurs in South America – revisited (Barinasuchus)
 * Eurotamandua and Palaeanodonta: convergent or related?
 * A tale of two mice: A trans-Holocene record of Peromyscus nesodytes and Peromyscus maniculatus at Daisy Cave, San Miguel Island, California
 * Getting Its Feet on the Ground: Elucidating Paralouatta’s Semi-Terrestriality Using the Virtual Morpho-Functional Toolbox
 * A small camelid Hemiauchenia from the Late Pleistocene of Hidalgo, central Mexico
 * Geochronology of a rich early Pleistocene vertebrate fauna, Leisey Shell Pit, Tampa Bay, Florida
 * Advances in the application of amino acid nitrogen isotopic analysis in ecological and biogeochemical studies

Source banks
Talk:Arctodus, Talk:Beringia, Talk:Megalonyx, Talk:Palaeolama, Talk:Natural Trap Cave, Talk:Arctotherium, Talk:Quaternary Extinction Event, Talk:American cheetah, Talk:Euceratherium, Talk:Glyptotherium, Talk:Hydrochoerus, Talk:Tremarctos floridanus, Talk:Plionarctos, Talk:Homotherium, Talk:Nothrotheriops, Talk:Cuvieronius, Talk:Equus conversidens, Talk:Protarctos, Talk:Hartley Mammoth Site

Arctodus appendix
A lot of great stuff has (perhaps rightly) been cut from Arctodus. This is a small refugium for that information.

Eastern North America
More fossils of Arctodus pristinus are known from Florida (about 150) than anywhere else. In the Early Pleistocene of Blancan Florida, the Santa Fe River 1 site (~2.2 Ma), which Arctodus pristinus inhabited, was a fairly open grassland environment, dominated by longleaf pine flatwoods. Karst sinks and springs were present, very much like modern Florida. Arctodus pristinus would have co-existed with megafauna such as terror birds (Titanis), sabertooth cats (Xenosmilus), giant sloth (Eremotherium, Paramylodon, Megalonyx), giant armadillos (Holmesina, Glyptotherium, Pachyarmatherium), gomphotheres (Rhynchotherium (?Cuvieronius?)), hyenas (Chasmoporthetes), canids (Borophagus, Canis lepophagus), peccary (Platygonus), llama (Hemiauchenia), antilocaprids (Capromeryx), and three-toed horse (Nannippus). Smaller fauna included condors, rails and ducks among other small birds, rodents such as porcupines, lizards, snakes, alligators, turtles, and arthropods. The evolution of Arctodus simus, competition with Tremarctos floridanus and black bears (both of which only appear in Florida in the Late Pleistocene), and possibly the transitioning of Pleistocene Florida from a hot, wet, densely forested habitat to a still hot, but drier and much more open biome are thought to be factors behind the gradual disappearance of Arctodus pristinus in the Middle Pleistocene (300,000 BP).

Mexico
Tremarctine bears were dominant in Mexico during the Late Pleistocene, with Arctodus simus and Tremarctos floridanus being plentiful. Arctodus simus was limited to the Mexican plateau, which was generally occupied by tropical thorn scrub and scrub woodland. An Arctodus simus individual from Cedral, San Luis Potosí, inhabited closed vegetation, based on the individual's δ13C signature. Consuming C3 resources, its diet may have incorporated contemporaneous C3 specialists such as tapir, llamas, camels, and Shasta ground sloth, likely along with browsed vegetation. Fauna which visited closed areas at Cedral include Paramylodon, peccaries, some horses, mastodon, and occasionally Glyptotherium, Megalonyx, bison, dire wolves, American lions and Colombian mammoths. The site, incorporating trees, herbs and cacti, hosted an open gallery forest near to grassland or scrub with a humid climate. This forest-savanna mosaic, supporting a diverse mammalian herbivore and carnivore fauna, was part of the wider mesic savanna and piñon–juniper woodland ecoregion which Arctodus inhabited in the Late Pleistocene central Mexico and southwestern USA.

At La Cinta-Portalitos (Michoacán/Guanajuato) in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, prime habitat for Arctodus simus was the closed temperate forests of the Madrean pine–oak woodlands, dominated by pines, oaks, hornbeams, and ferns (Polypodium & Pecluma). Associated fauna primarily found in this habitat include Sigmodon, Aztlanolagus, ocelots, gray fox, Hemiauchenia, pronghorns (Capromeryx, Stockoceros, Tetrameryx), cottontail rabbits, bobcats, ground sloths (Nothrotheriops, Megalonyx), Smilodon fatalis and Panthera atrox. Today, these high-humidity forests are found between 2500-2800m altitude- however, in the Late Pleistocene, they were found at less than 2000m altitude. Tremarctos floridanus at this locality, on the other hand, inhabited gallery forests and their wetlands, along with white-tailed deer, capybaras, Pampatherium, horses, and Cuvieronius. Similar highland Arctodus simus remains have been recovered from Zacoalco, Valsequillo, and Tequixquiac.

Western USA
With over 50% (22/38) of specimens found in the contiguous United States from the terminal Pleistocene (<40,000 BP), the Western USA was highly productive habitat for Arctodus simus. In particular, the Pacific Mountain System seems to represent a cradle of evolution for Arctodus simus. The earliest finds of Arctodus simus are from California, from early and middle Irvingtonian age sites such as Vallecito Creek, Irvington, Riverside, and Fairmead.

Evidence from Inland California suggests that despite the shift to aridified environments from the Early to Late Pleistocene of California (1.1Ma to ~15,000 BP), Arctodus simus remained consistent with the consumption of C3 resources. This period saw the evolution from wetter mixed woodland-grassland and marsh/prairie C3 dominated environs at Irvington and Fairmead, to the more arid, mixed C3-C4 savannas of the McKittrick Tar Pits. Whereas jaguars, Homotherium, Miracinonyx and Smilodon ultimately transitioned to Panthera atrox and coyotes in the local predator guild, only dire wolves and Arctodus simus remained ever present. Foraging opportunities would have been plentiful for Arctodus, with grasses, chenopods, Xanthium, cattails, sedges, willow, oak, spruce, juniper, and sagebrush at Fairmead, and pines, juniper, saltbush, manzanita, and wild cucumber at McKittrick. To what extent Arctodus fed on this vegetation, versus consuming generalists and specialized browsers such as deer (Cervus & Odocoileus), camelids (Hemiauchenia & Camelops), Paramylodon, and peccaries can be clued from the La Brea Tar Pits. Microwear and general wear patterns on the teeth of recovered from Arctodus specimens are most similar to the herbivorous spectacled bear, and suggest that they avoided hard/brittle foods, and had a more specialized diet than black bears recovered from the same site. Should Arctodus have also been a predator, competition with closed habitat, browser specialists would have included Smilodon and Panthera atrox in Late Pleistocene inland California. Many more finds come from across California, and Oregon,  where the semi-arid woodland/scrub transitioned to forest-steppe. The Intermontane Plateau, which largely hosted subalpine parkland, had the highest number of Arctodus simus specimens south of the ice sheets. The region has yielded some of the largest specimens of A. simus, including, what was once the largest specimen on record, from Salt Lake Valley, Utah. In contrast with other parts of North America, the plateau received more rainfall during the Late Pleistocene, because glacially cooled air collided with hot desert air, resulting in increased precipitation and cool cloudy conditions. As a result, this greatly expanded the range of woodlands where desert exists today, with pluvial lakes being abundant in the south-west. The mid-Wisconsian U-Bar cave (New Mexico) was populated by fauna typically found in cooler and more mesic habitats, particularly habitats characterized by a notable pulse of cool-season precipitation, relatively warm winters, and limited warm-season moisture. Sagebrush, grasses, and woodland vegetation suggests cooler summers and a more pronounced emphasis on cool-season precipitation than in lowland New Mexico (Dry Cave). This more xeric and warmer climate contrasts with the sagebrush steppe-woodland of the Last Glacial Maximum. Notable fauna which lived alongside Arctodus simus included Shasta ground sloth, shrub-ox, pronghorns (Stockoceros, Capromeryx), Camelops, Odocoileus, horses, Lynx, puma, black bear, mountain goats, prairie dogs, and Stock's vampire bat. Dire wolves were also found in association with Arctodus simus at U-Bar cave, along with Conkling Cavern- both species are the most common carnivorans of Rancholabrean New Mexico. Beyond New Mexico,    other important specimens have also been found in Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Utah. The Intermontane Plateau extended deep into Mexico, where it demarked the southernmost habitat of Arctodus simus.Comparatively, the Rocky Mountain System had the fewest number of specimens of Arctodus simus in western North America. However, one of the youngest dated Arctodus simus is from a cave near Huntington Reservoir, Utah, which sits at an elevation of 2,740m (~9,000 ft),. The central and southern Rocky Mountains may have acted as refugia for Arctodus simus, in addition to other contemporary high-elevation alpine fauna such as Colombian mammoths, mastodon, horses, and giant bison ≤11,400 BP (10,000 14C BP). Other remains have been found from Natural Trap Cave and Little Box Elder Cave in Wyoming, and Montana.

Interior USA
The Interior Plains were composed of temperate steppe grassland, and among the specimens yielded from this region is one the largest Arctodus simus currently on record, from the banks of the Kansas river. The Irvingtonian age Doeden gravel pits in Montana preserves an open grassland habitat, with riparian woodlands, and likely some shrublands. Arctodus simus co-existed with ground sloths (Megalonyx, Paramylodon), Pacific mastodon, camels, and oxen (Bootherium). As bison were yet to migrate into North America, Colombian mammoths and horses dominated these Sangamonian grasslands. Additional Irvingtonian remains have been recovered from Arkalon in Kansas, Hay Springs in Nebraska, and Rock Creek in Texas.Whereas the northern plains aridified into cold steppe in the Rancholabrean age (e.g. Mammoth site, South Dakota), the southern plains were a parkland with riparian deciduous forests (e.g. hackberry), and large expanses of mixed grass prairie grasslands grading into wet meadows. At Lubbock Lake on the Llano Estacado, Texas, above freezing/mild winters and cool summers highlighted a regional climate of reduced seasonality and stable humidity in the latest Pleistocene. Overall, Arctodus simus, grey wolves and coyotes were part of a predator guild throughout the Rancholabrean great plains, and were joined by Colombian mammoths, camels, Hemiauchenia, and American pronghorns. In the northern plains, woolly mammoths also ranged across the steppe, whereas in the south, Smilodon, dire wolves, grey fox and red fox in the south preyed upon horses prairie dogs, horses (Equus & Haringtonhippus), peccaries, Odocoileus, Capromeryx, Bison antiquus and Holmesina. Beyond Texas, Arctodus has also been found from the Kaw River and Jinglebob in Kansas.

In the lowlands in the eastern Interior plains, the plains transitioned to closed habitat. At the terminal Pleistocene Sheriden Cave, Ohio, a mosaic habitat consisting of marsh, open woodland, and patchy grassland was home to Arctodus simus, Cervalces scotti, caribou, peccaries (Platygonus, Mylohyus), giant beaver, porcupine, and American pine marten. Similar remains have been found in Indiana and Iowa.

To the south, the Interior Highlands had a very high density of Arctodus simus specimens (second only to the black bear), due to the high rate of preservation in the cave-rich region. Sympatry between the two species is most apparent in Missouri- Arctodus simus has been found in association with black bears at Riverbluff, Bat and Big Bear caves. At Riverbluff Cave, the most abundant claw marks are from Arctodus simus. Some being up to 4 meters high on the cave walls, they are most abundant at the bear beds and their associated passageways, indicating a close relationship with denning. Other impressions found include claw marks from a large cat (either Panthera atrox or Smilodon fatalis) and Platygonus trackways. Big Bear Cave preserves fossilized hair associated with Arctodus. During the Last Glacial Maximum, both bears were joined by dire wolves, coyotes, jaguars, snowshoe hare, groundhogs and beavers at Bat Cave, which also records thousands of Platygonus remains. These fauna inhabited well-watered forest-grassland ecotone with a strong taiga influence. These open woodlands were dominated by pines and spruce, and to a lesser extent by oaks.   However, evidence from Riverbluff Cave suggests that the region occasionally cycled through drier, grassier periods in the last 55,000 years.

Eastern USA
Compared to other regions, Arctodus simus was relatively rare in eastern North America. To the north, the Appalachian Highlands were dominated by taiga. Post-LGM Saltville, Virginia, was a mosaic of grassy/herb laden open areas intermixed with open canopy boreal woodlands (oaks, pines, spruce, birch, firs) and marshes. Inhabiting in this C3 resource dominated environment were Arctodus simus, mastodon, (southernmost) woolly mammoths, oxen (Bootherium), horses, caribou, ground sloths (Megalonyx), dire wolves, beavers, Cervalces, and a variety of warm-adapted reptiles, suggesting that a more mesic and less seasonal climate allowed for the mixing of more typically northern and southern fauna. Heavy bone damage on a mammoth carcass by both dire wolves and Arctodus suggests a potentially competitive scavenging relationship Additional remains have been found at Island Ford Cave in Virginia, and Frankstown in Pennsylvania. To the south, the Atlantic Plains covered a great expanse of lowland, from the open deciduous woodlands of the Atlantic coast, to the semi-arid woodland/scrub of Florida, to the spruce-fir conifer forests and open habitat of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Although scarce, this contrast of habitats highlights the adaptability of Arctodus simus. At the Rainbow River and Lake Rousseau localities in Rancholabrean Florida, three Arctodus simus specimens have been recovered, alongside Smilodon, dire wolves, jaguars, ground sloths (Paramylodon, Megalonyx), llamas (Palaeolama, Hemiauchenia), Vero's tapir, giant beaver, capybara, Holmesina, horses, Bison antiquus, mastodon, Colombian mammoths and Tremarctos floridanus, in a climate similar to today's. That one of the three individuals was a very large, older specimen establishes extreme sexual dimorphism as the explanation behind size differences in Arctodus simus. Furthermore, the abundance of black bears, and particularly Florida short faced bears in Florida, has led to a theorized niche partitioning of ursids in Florida, with Tremarctos floridanus being herbivorous, and black bears and Arctodus simus being omnivorous, with Arctodus being possibly more inclined towards carnivory.

In the Black Belt of Late Pleistocene Mississippi, a terrestrial floodplain at Cedar Creek hosted a mixture of grassland and mixed woodlands adapted species (including Arctodus simus). Horses, then bison, are the most numerous of the fauna, but were also joined by Colombian mammoths, coyotes, Dasypus bellus and Holmesina on the plains. Mastodon, ground sloths (Eremotherium, Megalonyx), peccaries (Platygonus, Mylohylus), deer (Cervus, Odocoileus), lynx, black bear, Florida short-faced bear, margays, gray fox, Hemiauchenia, turkeys and racoons in the open woodlands, with giant beavers, lesser beavers, and capybara inhabiting the marshes. Coyotes and black bears from this locality are unusually small for the Late Pleistocene. Further west, in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, the fauna Arctodus simus encountered at the Bar, Arkansas was similar to Saltville, Virginia, with the addition of Paleolama, Bison, Mylohyus, black bears, tapirs, manatees and alligator snapping turtles. During the Last Glacial Maximum, in part due to glacial meltwaters producing a cold microclimate, boreal forests extended from 40° N to coastal regions near 23° N. Mississippi's boreal forests were dominated by pine, spruce, ash, aspen, oak and hickory, with more deciduous trees and herbs/grasses in the lowlands. However, the presence of the giant tortoise, Hesperotestudo crassiscutata, in both localities is indicative of mild winters, and limited seasonality. Arctodus, along with Colombian mammoths, seems to have avoided the coastal savannas of the south east, where Mixotoxodon was present. Additional finds of south-eastern Arctodus simus are from Alabama, South Carolina. and Texas.

Canada
The vast majority of Canada was glaciated during the Late Pleistocene. However, southern Alberta may have been spared, providing a tundra ecosystem (at least until the Last Glacial Maximum). Arctodus simus remains have been recovered from the mid-Wisconsian (~22,000 BP) near Edmonton, forming a predator guild with the gray wolf and American lion. Also present were Megalonyx, horses (E. conversidens & E. niobrarensis), caribou, camels, mammoths (Colombian and woolly), mastodon, bison (B. priscus & B. latifrons), and oxen (Ovibos & Bootherium). The higher diversity of grazers to browsers suggested a more open environment- that the American lion individual was noticeably smaller than its southern contemporaries contrasts with the huge Arctodus and large wolf specimens.

The entry to the ice-free corridor to Beringia may have also been near Edmonton, providing a migration pathway to Beringia. Arctodus remains from similar habitat has also been recovered from Saskatchewan, and from the forest-steppe of Late Pleistocene Vancouver Island. Arctodus was a scarce member of the Pleistocene fauna of southern Canada- extant herbivorous bears are browsers, not grazers, so the scarcity of Arctodus in mid-latitude North America may be due to a lack of suitable vegetation on the steppe. On the other hand, should Arctodus simus have been a large and strict carnivore, perhaps Arctodus simus would never have been very numerous in an open ecosystem.

Beringia
Mostly isolated by the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets, Beringia is considered ecologically separate to the rest of North America, being largely an extension of the Eurasian mammoth steppe. However, due to the occasional opening of an ice-free corridor, and the migration barrier of the Beringian gap, meant that Eastern Beringia (Alaska and the Yukon) supported a unique assemblage of fauna, with many endemic North American fauna flourishing (such as Arctodus simus) within a mostly Beringian ecosystem. This mostly open and treeless steppe-tundra, dominated by grasses, sedges, Artemisia spp., and a range of other forbs had a cold, dry climate, which prevented glaciation. Currently, all specimens of A. simus in Beringia have been dated to a 27,000 year window (50,000 BP~23,000 BP) from Eastern Beringia. However, additional undated remains may be of Sangamonian age. The largest skull of A. simus known was recovered from the Yukon, and may represent the largest specimen known.

The North Slope of Alaska <40,000 BP (Ikpikpuk and Titaluk rivers) preserves an upland and floodplain environment, with horses, bison then caribou being the most populous herbivores, and woolly mammoths, muskoxen, elk and saiga antelope more scarce. Cave lions, bears (Ursus arctos and Arctodus simus), and Beringian wolves made up the megafaunal predator guild. That caribou and muskox utilized the warmer, wetter portions of the regional vegetation mosaic (similar to the moist acidic tundra vegetation which dominates today), while horse, bison, and mammoth were dryland specialists, may reflect the preferred habitat of Arctodus, as isotope data suggests caribou and muskox were principal components of the carnivorous portion of Beringian Arctodus simus ' diet.

Additionally, upon the flooding of the Bering Strait and expansion of peatlands in Eastern Beringia during MIS-3, lions, brown bears and Homotherium went regionally extinct ~35,000 BP, whereas Arctodus persisted. Simultaneously, muskox, bison, non-caballine horses (Haringtonhippus) and other megafaunal herbivores in Beringia experienced population bottlenecks in MIS-3, whilst mammoth populations steadily declined. This restriction of prey and habitat could explain the extinctions. However, genetically distinct Panthera spelaea and brown bears appear in MIS-2 circa the extinction of Arctodus in a re-emerged Beringia ~23,000 BP (possibly due to sharp climatic cooling associated with Heinrich Event-2), opening up the possibility that some level of competition was at play. The idea that Arctodus had a kleptoparasitic relationship with wolves and Homotherium in Beringia has been explored, and with the additional possibility that Arctodus restricted brown bears and Homotherium access to caribou pre-LGM.

Not only did Arctodus likely compete at a higher trophic level than the majority of brown bears in Beringia, Arctodus ' nitrogen-15 levels are higher in the Yukon, suggesting that Arctodus possibly occupied an even higher trophic level there relative to other Arctodus in Beringia. However, isotope differences more likely reflect subtle differences in the isotopic composition of primary producers in the region.

It would be reasonable to assume that meat and bone marrow were likely to be the primary food resources for some northern populations of A. simus, in which the survival during the cold season could have depended on the regular scavenging of ungulate carcasses, as is the case with Alaskan brown bears. Ultimately, an opportunistic foraging strategy including up to 50% vegetation, and the meat of reindeer, muskox, carrion, and possibly some predators, is consistent with the isotopic data and the conclusions of the ecomorphological studies.

Data
Below is a table comparing the dimensions of several adult Arctodus simus femora,  including one of the largest on record from Bonner Springs, Kansas, and some associated weight estimates. Also included is the mean from 9 specimens in Björn Kurtén's seminal 1967 study.

Radiocarbon dated specimens
Below is a table collating radiocarbon dates directly sampled from Arctodus simus specimens (not including dates from associated remains nor stratigraphy).

DNA samples
This table collates the current DNA samples extracted from Arctodus specimens, with their associated haplogroups.