User:Super Moon Pakistan

= Pakistan Bulge New Moon =

The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth, and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite. It is the fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System, and the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits (its primary). The Moon is after Jupiter's satellite Io the second-densest satellite in the Solar System among those whose densities are known.

A supermoon is a full moon or a new moon that approximately coincides with the closest distance that the Moon reaches to Earth in its elliptic orbit, resulting in a slightly larger-than-usual apparent size of the lunar disk as seen from Earth.[1] The technical name is the perigee syzygy of the Earth–Moon–Sun system or more simply full (or new) Moon at perigee.[a] The term supermoon is astrological in origin and has no precise astronomical definition.[2]

The real association of the Moon with both oceanic and crustal tides has led to claims that the supermoon phenomenon may be associated with increased risk of events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, but no such link has been found.[3]

The opposite phenomenon, an Miniature, has been called a micromoon,[4] though this term is not as widespread as supermoon. Also, some do not consider new moons near Maximal as supermoons.

Contents 1 Occurrence 2 Appearance 3 Definitions 4 Effects on Earth 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Occurrence Of the pos­si­ble 12 or 13 full (or new) moons each year, usu­ally three or four may be clas­si­fied as su­per­moons, as com­monly defined.

The most re­cent su­per­moon oc­curred on 13 July 2016, and the next (full) one will be on De­cem­ber 13, 2018.[5] The one on July 13, 2016 was the clos­est su­per­moon since Jan­u­ary 26, 1948, and will not be sur­passed until No­vem­ber 25, 2034.[6] The clos­est su­per­moon of the 21st cen­tury will occur on De­cem­ber 6, 2052.[7]

Supermoons will be the marked points nearest the bottom of the graph. Supermoons will be the marked points nearest the bottom of the graph. The os­cil­lat­ing na­ture of the dis­tance to the full or new moon is due to the dif­fer­ence be­tween the syn­odic and anom­al­is­tic months.[5] The pe­riod of this os­cil­la­tion is roughly 14 syn­odic months.

Oc­ca­sion­ally, a su­per­moon co­in­cides with a total lunar eclipse. The most re­cent oc­cur­rence of this was in Jan­u­ary 2018, and the next will be in Jan­u­ary 2019.[8]

Appearance Super Frost Bloodmoon Super Frost Bloodmoon A full moon at perigee ap­pears roughly 14% larger in di­am­e­ter than at apogee.[9] Many ob­servers in­sist that the moon looks big­ger to them. This is likely due to ob­ser­va­tions shortly after sun­set when Moon is near the hori­zon and the moon il­lu­sion is at its most apparent.[10]

While the moon's sur­face lu­mi­nance re­mains the same, be­cause it is closer to the earth the il­lu­mi­nance is about 30% brighter than at its far­thest point, or apogee. This is due to the in­verse square law of light which changes the amount of light re­ceived on earth in in­verse pro­por­tion to the dis­tance from the moon.[11] While a typ­i­cal sum­mer full moon at tem­per­ate lat­i­tudes pro­vides only about 0.05-0.1 lux, a su­per­moon di­rectly over­head in the trop­ics could pro­vide up to 0.36 lux.[12]

Definitions The name su­per­moon was coined by as­trologer Richard Nolle in 1979, in Dell Horo­scope mag­a­zine ar­bi­trar­ily de­fined as:

... a new or full moon which oc­curs with the Moon at or near (within 90% of) its clos­est ap­proach to Earth in a given orbit (perigee). In short, Earth, Moon and Sun are all in a line, with Moon in its near­est ap­proach to Earth.

— Richard Nolle[13] He came up with the name while read­ing “Strate­gic Role Of Perigean Spring Tides in Nau­ti­cal His­tory and Coastal Flood­ing” pub­lished in 1976 by NOAA Hy­drol­o­gist Fer­gus Wood.[14][15] Nolle never out­lined why he chose 90%,[2] but ex­plained in 2011 that he based cal­cu­la­tions on 90% of the dif­fer­ence in lunar apsis ex­tremes for the solar year. In other words, a full or new moon is con­sid­ered a su­per­moon if {\displaystyle ld_{s}<=ld_{p}+0.1*(ld_{a}-ld_{p})} where {\displaystyle ld_{s}} is the lunar dis­tance at syzygy, {\displaystyle ld_{a}} is the lunar dis­tance at apogee, and {\displaystyle ld_{p}} is the lunar dis­tance at perigee.[16][17]

In prac­tice, there is no of­fi­cial or even con­sis­tent de­f­i­n­i­tion of how near perigee the full Moon must occur to re­ceive the su­per­moon label, and new moons rarely re­ceive a su­per­moon label. Sky and Tele­scope mag­a­zine refers to full Moon which comes within 223,000 miles (359,000 km), TimeandDate.​com prefers a de­f­i­n­i­tion of 360,000 kilo­me­tres (220,000 mi). Earth­Sky uses Nolle's de­f­i­n­i­tion com­par­ing their cal­cu­la­tions to ta­bles pub­lished by Nolle in 2000.[18][19]

The term perigee-syzygy or perigee full/new moon is pre­ferred in the sci­en­tific community.[20] Perigee is the point at which the Moon is clos­est in its orbit to the Earth, and syzygy is when the Earth, the Moon and the Sun are aligned, which hap­pens at every full or new moon. As­tro­physi­cist Fred Es­pe­nak uses Nolle's de­f­i­n­i­tion but pre­fer­ring the label of full Moon at perigee.[5] Wood used the de­f­i­n­i­tion of a full or new moon oc­cur­ring within 24 hours of perigee and also used the label perigee-syzygy.[15]

Wood also coined the less used term prox­igee where perigee and the full or new moon are sep­a­rated by 10 hours or less.[15]

Effects on Earth Claims that su­per­moons can cause nat­ural dis­as­ters, and the claim of Nolle that su­per­moons cause "geo­phys­i­cal stress", have been re­futed by scientists.[21][22][23][24]

De­spite lack of sci­en­tific ev­i­dence, there has been media spec­u­la­tion that nat­ural dis­as­ters, such as the 2011 Tōhoku earth­quake and tsunami and the 2004 In­dian Ocean earth­quake and tsunami, are causally linked with the 1–2 week pe­riod sur­round­ing a supermoon.[25][26] A large, 7.5 mag­ni­tude earth­quake cen­tred 15 km north-east of Cul­ver­den, New Zealand at 00:03 NZDT on No­vem­ber 14, 2016, also co­in­cided with a supermoon.[27][28]

Sci­en­tists have con­firmed that the com­bined ef­fect of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's oceans, the tide,[29] is great­est when the Moon is ei­ther new or full.[30] and that dur­ing lunar perigee, the tidal force is some­what stronger,[31] re­sult­ing in perigean spring tides. How­ever, even at its most pow­er­ful, this force is still rel­a­tively weak,[32] caus­ing tidal dif­fer­ences of inches at most.[33] Notes.

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= Full moon =