User:Superzorino/TaxineB

Taxine B
Taxine B is suspected to be the main toxic constituent in the evergreen shrub Taxus baccata. Taxine B is found in all parts of the tree except for the red fleshy arils.

Literature/references
1) Adeline M.T, X.P Wang, C Poupat, A. Ahond & P. Potier (1997): Evaluation of taxoids from Taxus sp. crude extracts by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of liquid chromatography & related technologies. Vol. 20:19. Pp. 3135-3145

2) Alloatti G., C. Penna, R.C. Levi, M.P. Gallo, G. Appendino & I. Fenoglio (1996): Effects of yew alkaloids and related compounds on guinea-pig isolated perfused heart and papillary muscle. Life Sciences. Vol 58:10, pp. 845-854

3) Andersen K.B. (2009): Future perspectives of the role of Taxines derived for the Yew (Taxus baccata) in research and therapy. Journal of Pre-clinical and Clinical Research. Vol. 3:1, pp. 1-4

4) Andersen K.B, M.T. Skaanild, M.F. Bertelsen & L. Brimer (2010): Yew intoxication in brown bears; a novel approach to diagnosis. European Journal of Wildlife Research. Vol. ? pp. ?

5) Bacciarini L.N., C.J. Wenker, M. Müller & P. Iten (1999): Yew (taxus baccata) intoxication in a captive brown bear (ursus arctos). European Journal of Veterinary Pathology. Vol. 5:1, pp. 29-32

4) Baker I. (1992): Yew. In Practice. Vol 14:1, p. 32

5) Beasley V. (1999): Veterinary Toxicology.

6) Beike J., B. Krager, T. Meiners, B. Brinkmann & H. Köhler (2003): LC-MS determination of Taxus alkaloids in biological specimens. International Journal of Legal Medicine. Vol. 117, pp. 335-339

7) Cope R.B. (2005): The dangers of yew intoxication. Veterinary-medicine. Vol 100:9, p. 646 Council of Europe European (COE) - European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) (2007): European Pharmacopoeia. 6.ed.

8) Dietz H.H., O. Høst & C. Wiese (1994): Taksforgiftning hos dådyr i Danmark. Dansk Veterinær Tidskrift. Vol. 77:9, pp. 404-405

9) Erdemoglu N., B. Sener, B. Demirci & K.H.C. Baser (2003): The glycosidically bound volatile compounds of Taxus baccata. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. Vol. 39:2, pp. 195-198

10) Fiedler H.H. & R.M.Perron (1994): Eibenvergiftung bei australischen Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae,LATHAM). Berliner Münchener Tierärztlicher Wochenschrift. Vol. 107:2, pp. 050 - 052

11) Fromherz L., P. Kintz, H. Kijewski, H. Köhler, M. Lehr, B. Brinkmann & J. Beike (2006): Quantitative determination of taxine B in body fluids by LC-MS-MS. International Journal of Legal Medicine. Vol 120, pp. 346-351

12) Glowniak K. & T. Mroczek (1999): Investigations on preperative thin-layer chromatographic separation of taxoids from Taxus baccata L. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. Vol. 22:16, pp. 2483-2502

13) Hare W.R. (1998): Bovine Yew (Taxus spp.) Poisoning. Large animal practice. Vol. 19, pp. 24-28

14) Helman R.G., K. Fenton, W.C. Edwards, R.J. Panciera & G.E. Burrows (1996): Sudden death in calves due to Taxus ingestion. Agri-Practise. Vol. 17:8, pp. 16-18

15) Holte P. (1992): Idegransförgiftning hos nöt. Svensk Veterinär tidning. Vol. 44:15, p. 659

16) Jenniskens, L.H.D., E.L.M. van Rozendaal & T. A. van Beek (1996): Idesntification of six taxine alkaloids from Taxus baccata needles. Journal of Natural Products. Vol 59, pp. 117-123

17) Kite G.C., T.J.Lawrence & E.A. Dauncey (2000): Detecting Taxus Poisoning in Horses Using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Veterinary and Human Toxicology Vol. 42(3), pp. 151-154

18) Köhler H. & W. Grünberg (1960): Zur Pathologie der Vergiftung mit Taxus baccata unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Vergiftung beim Känguruh. Archiv für Experimentelle Veterinär Medicin. Vol. 14, pp. 1149-1162

19) Lacasse C., K.C. Gamble, R.H. Poppenga, L.L. Farina, J. Landolfi & K. Terio (2007): Taxus sp. Intoxication in three Francois’ langurs (Tracypithecus francoisi). Journal of veterinary Diagnostic Investigations, Vol. 19, pp. 221-224

20) Lang D.G., R.A. Smith & R.E. Miller (1997): Detecting taxus poisoning using GC/MS. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 35:5, p. 314

21) Lowe J.E., H.F. Hintz, H.F. Schryvet & J.M. Kingsbury (1970): Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew) poisoning in horses. Cornell Vet. Vol. 60, pp. 36-39

22) Panter K.E., R.J. Molyneux, R.A. Smart, L. Mitchell & S. Hansen (1993): English yew poisoning in 43 cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Vol. 202:9, pp. 1476-1477

23) Pietsch J., K. Schulz, U. Schmidt, H. Andresen, B. Schwarze & J. Dressler (2007): A comperative study of five fatal cases of Taxus poisoning. International Journal of Legal Medicine. Vol. 121:5, pp.417-422

24) Shanker K., N.K.R. Pathak, V.P. Trived, J.P.N.Chansuria & V.B. Pandey (2002): An evaluation of toxicity of Taxus baccata Linn. (Talispatra) in experimental animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Vol 79, pp. 69-73

25) Smith R.A. (1989): Comments on diagnosis of intoxication due to taxus. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 31:2, p. 177

26) Tekol Y. (1991): Acute toxicity of taxine in mice and rats. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 33:4 pp. 337-338

27) Tekol Y. & B. Gögüsten (1999): Comperative Determination of the Cardioselectivity of Taxine and Verapamil in the Isolated Aorta, Atrium and Jejunum Preperations of Rabbits. Artzneimittel-Forschung. Vol.49:8. Pp 673-678

28) Tekol Y. & M. Kameyama (1987): Electrophysiologische Untersuchungen über den Wirkningsmechanismus des Eibentoxins Taxin auf das Herz. Arzneimittel-Forschung. Vol 37:4 pp.428-431

29) Theodoridis G.A. (2005): Taxines: Analysis by HPLC. Encyclopedia of Chromatography. Vol 1:1 pp. 1660-1665

30) Theodoridis G, G. Laskaris, E.L.M. van Rozendaal & R.Verpoorte (2001): Analysis of taxines in taxus plant material and cell cultures by HPLC photodiode array and HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. Vol. 24:15, pp. 2267- 2282

31) Thomas P.A. & A. Polwart (2003): Taxus baccata L. Journal of Ecology. Vol. 91:3, pp. 489-524

32) Tiwary A K, B. Puschner, H Kinde (2005): Diagnosis of Taxus (Yew) poisoning in a horse. Journal Veterinary Diagnosis Invest. Vol.17. pp. 252-255

33) van Ingen G., R. Visser, H. Peltenburg, A.M. van der Ark & M. Voortman (1992): Sudden unexpected death due to taxus poisoning. A report of five cases with review of the litterature. Forensic Science International. Vol. 56, pp. 81-87

34) van Rozendaal E.L.M., H. Veldhuis, P.H. Beusker & T.A. van Beek (1998): Evaluation, isolation and analysis of taxine alkaloids from yew needles. Herba polonica. Vol 4, pp. 227-230

35) van Rozendaal E.L.M., G.p. Lelyveld & T.A. van Beek (2000): Screening of the needles of different yew species and cultivars for paclitaxel and related taxoids. Phytochemistry. Vol. 53, pp. 383-389

36) von der Werth J. & J.J. Murphy (1994): Cadiovascular toxicity associated with yew leaf ingestion. British Heart Journal. Vol. 72, pp. 92-93

37) Weaver J.D. & D.L. Brown (2004): Incubation of European Yew (Taxus baccata) with White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Rumen Fluid Reduces Taxine A Concentrations. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 46:6, pp. 300-302

38) Wehner F. & O. Gawatz (2003): Suizidale Eibenintoxikationen – von Cäsar bis heute – oder: Suizianleitung im Internet. Archiv für Kriminologie. Vol. 211:1, pp. 19-26

39) Wiechert J.M., P. Zwart & K. Mathes (2000): Eibenvergiftung in einem Schildkrötenbestand. Praktischer Tierarzt. Vol. 81, pp. 167-171

40) Willaert W., P. Claessens, B. Vankelecom & M. Vanderheyden (2002): Intoxication with Taxus Baccata: Caridac arrythmias following yew leaves ingestion. Journal of Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. Vol. 24:4(I), pp. 511-512

41) Wilson C.R., JM. Sauer & S.B. Hooser (2001): Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids. Toxicon. Vol. 39, pp. 175-185

42) Yersin B., J.G. Frey, M.D. Schaller, P. Nicod & C. Perret (1987): Fatal cardiac arrhythmias and shock following yew leaves ingestion. Annals of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 16:12, pp.1396-1397