User:Suraj Prime/sandbox

Sources Of Energy Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen is the simplest element. An atom of hydrogen consists of only one proton and one electron. It's also the most plentiful element in the universe. Despite its simplicity and abundance, hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the Earth - it's always combined with other elements. Water, for example, is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). Hydrogen is also found in many organic compounds, notably the hydrocarbons that make up many of our fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, methanol, and propane. Hydrogen can be separated from hydrocarbons through the application of heat - a process known as reforming. Currently, most hydrogen is made this way from natural gas. An electrical current can also be used to separate water into its components of oxygen and hydrogen. This process is known as electrolysis. Some algae and bacteria, using sunlight as their energy source, even give off hydrogen under certain conditions. .What is a Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are zero emission and run on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell "stack" that produces electricity to power the vehicle. A fuel cell can be used in combination with an electric motor to drive a vehicle – quietly, powerfully and cleanly How It Works: Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no pollution. A hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle is powered by a group of individual fuel cells, known as a fuel cell stack. The stack is designed to contain enough cells to provide the necessary power for the automotive application. A fuel cell stack produces power as long as fuel is available, similar to a combustion engine. The electricity generated by the fuel cell stack powers the electric motor that propels the vehicle. Each fuel cell is an anode, a cathode and a proton exchange membrane sandwiched in between. Hydrogen, from a tank onboard the vehicle, enters into the anode side of the fuel cell. Oxygen, pulled from the air, enters the cathode side. As the hydrogen molecule encounters the membrane, a catalyst forces it to split into electron and proton. The proton moves through the fuel cell stack and the electron follows an external circuit, delivering current to the electric motor and other vehicle components. At the cathode side, the proton and electron join again, and then combine with oxygen to form the vehicle’s only tailpipe emission, water. Availability Most automakers have placed fuel cell electric vehicles or FCET with customers, and many plan to introduce FCEVs to the early commercial market in the 2015-2017 timeframe. By 2020, automakers expect to place tens of thousands of fuel cell electric vehicles in the hands of California consumers. Today, about 300 FCEVs have been placed on California’s roads and fill at public and private hydrogen stations in the state. These vehicles have either been leased in Southern California or have joined fleet programs. As the number of FCEVs in California increases over the next 5 to 10 years, California is working hard to ensure hydrogen is easily available to drivers.

Performance Hydrogen fuel cell cars are quiet, very energy efficient, have zero emissions and have equivalent range and performance to their gasoline counterparts. Drivers identify range, refueling time, emissions, power, and performance as valuable vehicle characteristics. Propulsion:	Electric motor / fuel cell stack plus battery Fuel: 	High-pressure hydrogen gas Range: 	Similar to a conventional vehicle - between 300 – 400 miles (some FCEVs go even further) on a full tank. Fueling: 	Time: 3 - 7 minutes for a passenger vehicle, 10 - 15 minutes for a transit bus. Fuel Type: Currently technologies are capable of 35 MPa and 70 MPa compressed gaseous hydrogen storage. Cost: Today, fuel costs are typically included in the FCEV lease cost. When regulations for selling hydrogen are complete, it's expected to be cost-competitive with gasoline. Fuel Cell: 	FCEVs utilize proton exchange membrane fuel cells that generate 70 – 100 kW (93 - 134 horsepower). Battery: 	FCEVs typically have lithium ion batteries that are 1 – 3 kWh. Emissions:	FCEVs are zero emission vehicles. Water vapor is the only emission from the tailpipe. The only emissions are associated with the hydrogen production method, which may be renewable, and the delivery of hydrogen to the station. List of FCEVs •	2001 - Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV •	2000 - Ford Focus FCV. •	2000 - VW Bora Hy-motion-Fuel cell •	2002 - Toyota FCHV-hybrid vehicle •	2002 - Honda FCX - hybrid vehicle •	2002 - VW Bora Hy-power-Fuel cell •	2003 - Toyota Fine-S-concept car •	2003 - Toyota Fine-N-concept car •	2004 - VW Touran Hy-motion-Fuel cell •	2005 - Toyota Fine-T-concept car •	2005 - Toyota Fine-X-concept car •	2006 - F-250 Super Chief a Tri-Flex engine concept pickup •	2007 - VW space up! blue •	2007 - Honda FCX Clarity - Hydrogen Fuel cell - Production model •	2008 - Toyota FCHV-adv-preproduction vehicle •	2008 - VW Passat Lingyu Hymotion •	2010 - Hyundai Tucson FCEV •	2014 - Toyota FCV-concept car •	2014 - Hyundai Intrado •	2014 - Honda FCV Concept •	2014 - VW Golf Hymotion •	2015 - Toyota Mirai-production version of the FCV concept car