User:Surajt88/Copyright concerns

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Contribution survey
This report covers contributions to 88 articles from timestamp 2010-07-25 23:16:15 UTC to timestamp 2011-09-16 05:44:59 UTC.

Articles 1 through 88

 * Government Botanical Gardens, Udagamandalam: (17 edits, 17 major, +15281) 
 * Ooty Botanical Gardens: (1 edits, 1 major, +15259) 
 * N Grid-connected photovoltaic power system: (1 edits, 1 major, +7315) 
 * N Stand-alone photovoltaic power system: (7 edits, 7 major, +6639) 
 * N Rooftop photovoltaic power station: (2 edits, 2 major, +5877) 
 * N Thermodynamic efficiency limit: (1 edits, 1 major, +5871) 
 * N Photovoltaic mounting system: (2 edits, 2 major, +5827) 
 * N Solar backpack: (1 edits, 1 major, +5755) 
 * N Sun-free photovoltaics: (11 edits, 11 major, +4906) 
 * N Solar fan: (2 edits, 2 major, +4775) 
 * N Solar powered flashlight: (3 edits, 3 major, +4644) 
 * N Solar powered radio: (2 edits, 2 major, +4212) 
 * N Solar street light: (2 edits, 2 major, +4032) 
 * Adam Young: (1 edits, 1 major, +4012) 
 * N St. Stephen's Church, Ooty: (7 edits, 7 major, +3787) 
 * Ooty Radio Telescope: (39 edits, 39 major, +3584) 
 * N Solar powered calculator: (2 edits, 2 major, +3451) 
 * N Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes: (13 edits, 13 major, +3286) 
 * N Solar powered fountain: (2 edits, 2 major, +2763) 
 * Ooty: (31 edits, 31 major, +2427) 
 * Maximum power point tracking: (6 edits, 6 major, +2261) 
 * N Solar cell phone charger: (2 edits, 2 major, +2223) 
 * N Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2: (11 edits, 11 major, +2022) 
 * N Solar notebook: (2 edits, 2 major, +2013) 
 * Solar inverter: (38 edits, 38 major, +1982) 
 * N Adam's fountain: (3 edits, 3 major, +1750) 
 * N Charring Cross, Ooty: (5 edits, 5 major, +1674) 
 * N Glenmorgan, Ooty: (3 edits, 3 major, +1583) 
 * N Ooty Golf Course: (11 edits, 11 major, +1495) 
 * N Stone House, Ooty: (9 edits, 9 major, +1434) 
 * Pale Blue Dot: (41 edits, 41 major, +1415) 
 * N Government Rose Garden, Ooty: (12 edits, 12 major, +1361) 
 * N Printed solar panel: (8 edits, 8 major, +1254) 
 * N Single molecule electric motor: (10 edits, 10 major, +1183) 
 * N Perturb and observe method: (6 edits, 6 major, +1179) 
 * N Southwick bungalow: (1 edits, 1 major, +1128) 
 * N Polarizing organic photovoltaics: (12 edits, 12 major, +1122) 
 * N Southwick, Ooty: (22 edits, 22 major, +1079) 
 * N Incremental conductance method: (3 edits, 3 major, +1076) 
 * N Mariamman temple, Ooty: (5 edits, 5 major, +1053) 
 * Upsweep (unidentified sound): (3 edits, 3 major, +1045) 
 * N HD 85512 b: (15 edits, 15 major, +1016) 
 * N MChip: (15 edits, 15 major, +992) 
 * Solar cable: (7 edits, 7 major, +972) 
 * N Constant voltage method: (4 edits, 4 major, +936) 
 * N Ooty Lake: (10 edits, 10 major, +909) 
 * N Bhavan's Senior Secondary School, Kodunganoor: (1 edits, 1 major, +856) 
 * N Green fields, Ooty: (6 edits, 6 major, +849) 
 * N AP Columbae: (13 edits, 13 major, +824) 
 * N Stand-alone inverter: (17 edits, 17 major, +819) 
 * Burliar: (3 edits, 3 major, +815) 
 * Maria de Belém Roseira: (2 edits, 2 major, +806) 
 * N Solar traffic light: (12 edits, 12 major, +806) 
 * Train (unidentified sound): (3 edits, 3 major, +804) 
 * Whistle (unidentified sound): (3 edits, 3 major, +804) 
 * Nankiang Horned Toad: (1 edits, 1 major, +797) 
 * N Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle: (8 edits, 8 major, +793) 
 * Arnab Goswami: (15 edits, 15 major, +778) 
 * N List of colleges in Ooty: (3 edits, 3 major, +711) 
 * Dickens in America: (1 edits, 1 major, +706) 
 * N Lamb's Rock, Coonoor: (3 edits, 3 major, +644) 
 * N Kamaraj Sagar Dam: (5 edits, 5 major, +633) 
 * Pavithreswaram: (10 edits, 10 major, +633) 
 * Andreas Rett: (1 edits, 1 major, +608) 
 * N Eris (simulation): (9 edits, 9 major, +567) 
 * N Valley View, Ooty: (8 edits, 8 major, +541) 
 * N Gori shola: (7 edits, 7 major, +541) 
 * List of the most distant astronomical objects: (1 edits, 1 major, +532) 
 * N List of types of solar cells: (1 edits, 1 major, +528) 
 * Coalbed methane: (3 edits, 3 major, +496) 
 * Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura: (1 edits, 1 major, +430) 
 * N List of solar powered products: (2 edits, 2 major, +428) 
 * Poděvousy: (1 edits, 1 major, +420) 
 * Virginia Knauer: (1 edits, 1 major, +373) 
 * Barrod: (1 edits, 1 major, +371) 
 * CSI College of Engineering: (1 edits, 1 major, +361) 
 * Grace school porur: (2 edits, 2 major, +361) 
 * Miralem Pjanić: (1 edits, 1 major, +328) 
 * Novikov self-consistency principle: (1 edits, 1 major, +301) 
 * Solar road stud: (1 edits, 1 major, +258) 
 * Solar controller: (1 edits, 1 major, +252) 
 * N List of colleges in Kotagiri: (1 edits, 1 major, +251) 
 * N List of colleges in coonoor: (1 edits, 1 major, +227) 
 * Pykara: (1 edits, 1 major, +215) 
 * Kotagiri: (1 edits, 1 major, +200) 
 * Robot B-9: (1 edits, 1 major, +184) 
 * Coonoor: (1 edits, 1 major, +180) 
 * Indian Armed Forces: (1 edits, 1 major, +156) 

This report generated by Contribution Surveyor at 2011-09-16T19:29:37+00:00 in 0.14 sec.

Previous copyvios

 * Southwick, Ooty
 * Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports of the Government of India.
 * with collections of life-size look-alike wax statues depicting Indian history, heritage and culture, housed in a 142 year old bungalow.
 * Government Rose Garden, Ooty
 * the Rose Park was established at Vijayanagaram in Ooty in May 1995, covering an area of four hectares in five curving terraces
 *  It has a distributed rainfall throughout the year with not much change in temperature, which provides a long flowering season. Thousands of visitors visit the garden throughout the year,
 * The collection include Hybrid Tea Roses, Miniature Roses, Polyanthas, Papagena, Floribunda, Ramblers, Yakimour and roses of unusual colours like black and green.
 * Ooty Lake
 * The lake was formed by damming the mountain streams flowing down Ooty valley. The lake was initially used for fishing. The lake which breached thrice, completely emptying itself, originally extended up to the present day market.
 * St. Stephen's Church, Ooty
 * The church features a pew with a raised chancel. Stained glass paintings are featured on the eastern side and behind the chancel, depicting Mary holding baby Jesus in her arms and the crucifixion of Christ among others. A large life-like painting of the Last Supper is depicted on the western wall, above the panelled doorways. The vestry is in the cellar down the chancel. The pulpit is to the left of the chancel and a small flight of steps is attached to it. Antique hammer like structures (four in number), tied on to inverted V shaped planks with ropes are installed instead of the big metallic bell in the attic. Pulleys attached with solid wires operate the hammers. The entire structure is housed on a tall, sturdy stool, which is open on all the fourth sides. When the wires are pulled from the floor, a rhythmic musical sound is produced.
 * Mariamman temple, Ooty
 * The mother Goddess, Mariamman is considered to be a form of Kaali, and is also referred to as Mahamaayi or Seethala Gowri. On the day of the festival, thousands of devotees visit the temple from various parts of the country to witness the festival. During the festival, devotees walk barefoot over a pit of burning coal and make lamps from grounded rice and offer to the deity.
 * Ooty Golf Course
 * This article contains a few '3 to 4 word strings' copied. Not sure of its copyright status.
 * Perturb and observe method
 * If increasing the voltage to a cell increases the power output, the system increases the operating voltage until the power output begins to decrease. Once this happens, the voltage is decreased to get back to the maximum power output value. This process continues until the maximum power point is reached. Thus, the power output value oscillates around a maximum power value until it stabilizes.
 *  Also, this algorithm can track in the wrong direction under rapidly varying irradiance levels.
 * Incremental conductance method
 * This method uses the PV array's incremental conductance dI/dV to compute the sign of dP/dV. INC tracks rapidly changing irradiance conditions more accurately than the P&O method.
 * Incremental conductance is a technique that takes advantage of the fact that the slope of the power-voltage curve is zero at the maximum power point. The slope of the power-voltage curve is positive at the left of the MPP and negative at the right of the MPP. The maximum power point can be found by comparing the instantaneous conductance (I/V) to the incremental conductance (ΔI/ΔV). Once the MPP is reached, the solar module maintains this power point unless a change in I (ΔI) occurs. This usually happens when there is a change in the MPP and in the ambient conditions. If this happens, the algorithm modifies the operating voltage until you reach the new MPP.
 *  It can also perform MPPT under rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance conditions with higher accuracy than the perturb and observe method.
 * Another disadvantage is that its increased complexity increases computational time and slows down the sampling frequency.
 * Constant voltage method
 * This method assumes that individual insolation and temperature variations on the array are insignificant, and that the constant reference voltage is an adequate approximation of the true MPP. Operation is therefore never exactly at the MPP and different data has to be collected for different geographical regions. 
 * The problem with this method arises from the fact that it requires momentarily setting the PV array current to 0 to measure the array's open circuit voltage. The array's operating voltage is then set to 76% of this measured value. But during the time the array is disconnected, the available energy is wasted. It has also been found that while 76% of the open circuit voltage is a very good approximation, it does not always coincide with the Maximum power point.
 *  They also come in the form of straps, which features a solar panel on its front and a nickel metal hydride battery inside, which can fully charge the device within six hours in sunlight, making it usable for up to 40 minutes of talk time.
 * Solar notebook
 * detachable extra flap-like feature which functions as a solar panel. This generates electricity required to charge its batteries. It is also equipped with satellite link GPS, internet access, and a satellite telephone which makes the device an ideal tool to communicate and exchange data from anywhere on earth.
 * Solar powered calculator
 * Displays in Solar calculators widely use Vacuum fluorescent displays because they operate well in low power conditions and in the range of 1.5V to 5 V dc.
 * Solar powered calculators are great while working in well lighted areas. Unfortunately, these calculators may not work well in some large lecture halls because of insufficient lighting.
 * Solar powered radio
 * It used a miniature storage battery, four transistors and seven solar cells which converted the sun’s energy to electric energy.
 * The members of the radio listeners’ clubs now have a tool that will enhance their knowledge in a host of areas related to community development. Combating HIV/AIDS, gender education, agriculture, animal husbandry and food security, protection of the environment, hygiene, habitat, human rights and women’s rights are just some of the issues being debated within the listeners’ clubs and grassroots organisations. As only a limited number of radios has been handed out so far and not all potential users have their own individual set. However, a partial solution to this situation is to listen to shows together then debate the issues discussed. It is also appreciated that the solar radios are being passed round different households and villages.
 * Solar radio provides ways of utilizing technology to extend reach and meet the ever evolving communication needs of diverse audiences, particularly in the African continent.
 * Solar powered flashlight
 * The typical flashlight will have a charge time of about 6 hours while providing 8 hours of light. They can penetrate up to 50 meters in the dark, and can be visible up to 2 kilometers. The cell life of the solar energy cells can be as long as 20 years.
 * prevents the need to constantly manually charge
 * solar powered flashlights are ideal for use in remote locations where
 * camping, fishing, hunting, any indoor or outdoor sports, emergencies
 * A solar powered torch the size of a credit card has been developed by a team of scientists from Denmark, the Netherlands and the US. This device combines 16 solar cells connected in series that are used to [Battery charging|charge]] a battery that powers a white light emitting diode. Production required 35 steps, and combined the polymer solar cell with printed circuitry and flexible lithium polymer batteries. Tests were run on the lamp to determine its efficiency and study the effects of humidity and design on performance. This pocket-sized flashlight was able to get a yield of 89 per cent and operated for hours at a time.
 * Solar fan
 * As of February 2009, there have been plans of installing solar fans in the Indiana governor's mansion in addition to the solar fans which already line the rooftop of Honolulu's airport and the Indiana State Senate was expected to pass a bill giving tax credits to homeowners with solar fans.
 * Air flow is supplied whenever there is sufficient sunlight to power the fan motor. The best fan rate will correspond with the level of the sun's heat and therefore the right requirement for attic venting. Through decreasing attic temperatures, attic fans will help decrease summer season air conditioning loads yet still supplying air flow with no additional power load.
 * When there is insufficient air flow within the attic as well as bad sealing between the attic and the other rooms in the house, attic fans driven by electrical means could pull air from the residence to the attic. Not just does this compromise energy performance, but it may also raise the chance of dampness issues within the attic.
 * These fans are put in along with intake grills to deliver high-capacity power venting without having electrical operating expenses.
 * Because solar-powered fans don't need to use electricity, these have no need for power cords, thus making the house or the commercial property much less prone to accidents.
 *  than conventional desk or ceiling fans, because it utilizes a ready source of energy instead of burning fossil fuels to get the cooling effect
 * Solar street light
 * particularly designed to have enough energy stored to stay bright until dawn
 * Solar lights placed in areas with high wind exposure generally utilize flat panels for a low wind profile.
 * Most solar street lights have light detectors which determine how bright it is outdoors. Hence, there is no need to turn them on or off.
 * current general street light charge and discharge management controller and wireless communication technology. It employs fuzzy control theory to control the uncertain system to achieve reasonable battery charge or discharge. The terminal has the feature of running on the network and off the network independently, so it ensures the stability of the system.
 * In the villages adjoining Bashirhat and Sajnekhali Ranges of Sundarban Tiger Reserve (STR), twenty combined solar street lights were installed in two phases, in August 2008 and April 2009. The locations were identified in collaboration with STR officials, and Eco Development Committee (EDC) or Forest Protection Committee (FPC) members. To ensure security of the installed systems, WWF-India provided one home light connection to each of the individual households who were the immediate beneficiaries of the street lights thus making them accountable for these systems’ well being.
 * Rooftop photovoltaic power station
 * In a rooftop photovoltaic power station, all the electricity that is generated can be injected and sold to the electricity provider at a price higher than the price paid by the installer in a monthly electricity bill. This mechanism pays-back the installer's investment in a short time. Consumers from different nations, aware of the advantages of the feed-in tariff mechanism, are switching to solar electricity, thus receiving a compensation for their effort.
 * combined with another source of power - a biomass generator, a wind turbine or diesel generator - to ensure a consistent supply of electricity
 * The Indian government's Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is aiming to achieve 20 gigawatts of solar power by 2022, in part through the installation of rooftop photovoltaic systems.
 * Stand-alone photovoltaic power system
 * The simplest type of stand-alone PV system is a direct-coupled system, where the DC output of a PV module or array is directly connected to a DC load. Since there is no electrical energy storage (batteries) in direct-coupled systems, the load only operates during sunlight hours, making these designs suitable for common applications such as ventilation fans, water pumps, and small circulation pumps for solar thermal water heating systems. Matching the impedance of the electrical load to the maximum power output of the PV array is a critical part of designing well-performing direct-coupled system. For certain loads such as positive-displacement water pumps, a type of electronic DC-DC converter, called a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used between the array and load to help better utilize the available array maximum power output.
 * use wind, an engine-generator or utility power as an auxiliary power source in a PV hybrid system.
 * ''Because the demand for energy does not always coincide with its production, electrical storage batteries are commonly used in PV systems. The primary functions of a storage battery in a stand-alone PV system are:
 * Energy Storage Capacity and Autonomy: To store electrical energy when it is produced by the photovoltaic panels and to supply energy to electrical loads on demand.
 * Voltage and Current Stabilization: To supply power to electrical loads at stable voltages and currents, by suppressing or transients that may occur in PV systems.
 * Supply Surge Currents: To supply surge or high peak operating currents to electrical loads or appliances.''


 * A set of monitoring Standards has been produced by the IEC, titled Standard for Photovoltaic system performance monitoring.
 * ''Wrong selection: Some loads are non-adapted for stand-alone PV systems.
 * House wiring: Substandard or inadequate wiring and protection devices will also cause poor system response.
 * Low efficiency: Low electrical efficiency loads lead to over energy consumption.
 * Stand-by loads: Stand-by mode of some loads waste energy.
 * Start-up: Current spikes during the start-up of some loads can create temporary overload of the system.
 * Reactive power: When appliances with capacitive or inductive loads are used, real circulating current differs from the consumed current.
 * Harmonic distortion: Some electronic appliances with non-linear loads can create waveform deformation of the inverter output signal.
 * Mismatch between load and inverter size: Low overall efficiency can result from oversized inverters operating at lowpower for long periods''


 * Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
 * ''Where utility power is available, consumers can use a grid-connected solar electric (PV) system to supply a portion of the power they need while using utility-generated power at night and on cloudy days. When the PV system supplies power to the grid, the utility grid becomes a storage device or battery for the PV-generated power. While residential, grid-connected PV systems (10 kilowatts or less) can provide most of a consumer’s electric needs, they may also generate more electricity than required. The electricity generated by the PV system can be used on site or fed through a meter back into the utility grid. For example, if a PV system is generating at near its rated output and a system owner is on vacation or not home during the day, a system will typically be producing more electricity than is needed, and that excess can be sold back to the utility. At the end of the month, a credit for electricity sold is deducted from charges for electricity purchased.
 * A grid-connected PV system is connected to the utility system or grid through an interconnection agreement with the utility company.
 * voltage to a level higher than the peak of the voltage utility such that the inverter can provide the ac voltage without requiring the transformer
 * The voltage and/or the frequency change during the grid failure is measured and a positive feedback loop is employed to push the voltage and /or the frequency further away from its nominal value. Frequency or voltage may not change if the load matches very well with the inverter output or the load has a very high quality factor (reactive to real power ratio). So there exists some Non Detection Zone (NDZ).
 * Thermodynamic efficiency limit
 * a fundamental higher limit on how much solar energy can be converted to electricity.
 * Solar cell with a band-gap energy of 2eV and with an optimised up-converter attached to its rear surface for a nonconcentrated AM1.5 spectrum ≈ 50.7%
 * made of materials such as organic semiconductors, inorganic colloidal quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes, are fundamentally different than crystalline, inorganic solar cells in that photogeneration of free charge occurs through intermediate, bound exciton states. The Second Law of Thermodynamics limits the maximum efficiency of excitonic solar cells below the maximum of 31% established by Shockley and Queisser for inorganic solar cells (whose exciton-binding energy is small).
 *  more than one electron-hole pair per absorbed photon can be created in a solar cell. Thermodynamic consideration of carrier multiplication leads to new efficiency limits for photovoltaic energy conversion. An efficiency of 43% is theoretically possible for cells which are illuminated by the sun's unconcentrated black body radiation. For sun light of full concentration, the new limit is 85%. These ideal values are thermodynamically possible with a single semiconductor which makes optimum use of carrier multiplication and shows radiative recombination only.
 * Solar backpack
 * 120 watt hours of power a day the unit can power ac and dc electronics up to 300 watts it can be used in recreational vehicles as well as for field research emergency home power disaster relief and international aid
 * can run a laptop computer for three hours or its own high efficiency light for 14 hours
 * 'The Marines and the US Air Force had developed similar systems for their troops before. The Marines created solar panels that fold into a suitcase-like unit for easy transportation, while the Air Force contracted Lockheed Martin to outfit shipping containers as portable solar power units. The solar backpacks also aim to cut the cost of supplying fossil fuels to remote combat zones. Military equipment such as GPS units and radios demand a lot of energy, and having a renewable and sustainable source of power is of immense benefit to troops. At only ten pounds, the REPPS is light enough for troops to carry easily, and the flexible 62-watt solar blanket easily recharges batteries in a matter of hours. Military electronic devices can also be hooked up to the solar blanket to provide them with more power, and the REPPs is able to convert AC to DC with a number of adapters that can be plugged into walls, vehicles (through the cigarette lighter) and even disposable batteries.''
 * on existing roofs or easily incorporated as part of the building envelope at construction stage
 *  is be paid to the roof structure and the weather sealing of roof penetrations. It is typical to have one support bracket for every 100 Watts of PV modules. For new construction, support brackets are usually mounted after the roof decking is applied and before the roofing materials is installed. The crew in charge of laying out the array mounting system normally installs the brackets. The roofing contractor can then flash around the brackets as they install the roof. Masonry roofs are often structurally designed near the limit of their weight-bearing capacity. In this case, the roof structure must either be enhanced to handle the additional weight of the PV system or the masonry roof transitioned to composition shingles in the area where the PV array is to be mounted. By transitioning to a lighter roofing product, there is no need to reinforce the roof structure since the combined weight of composite shingles and PV array is usually less than the displaced masonry product.
 * a patio cover where the PV array becomes the shade. These shade systems can support small to large PV systems. The construction cost with a PV system is a little different than for a standard patio cover, especially if the PV array is part of the entire shade roof. If the PV array is mounted at a steeper angle than a typical shade structure, additional structural enhancements may be necessary to handle the additional wind loads. The weight of the PV array is 3 to 5 pounds/ft2, which is well within structural limits of most shade support structures.
 * Stand-alone inverter
 * usually operate at a nominal 12 24 or 48 volts so the current levels to the inverters can be hundreds of amps at full load
 * inverters generally do not have the dc main bonding jumper so this connection will have to be made by the installer
 * multiple inverters may be connected together for greater power outputs.