User:Surfer616147/2001 southern Peru earthquake

The article was decently written with many mentions of the statistical aspect of the initial effects, and after effects, of the quake. However, there is a lacking of a certain level of charisma to the article that makes it so that the article in question is not very appealing to the average person. It is also important to note that of the 6 references used, 1 of them is from a source that is, by definition, not 100% reliable/unbiased.

The article and its current contents are well written, but the article can definitely be expanded upon. I think that the article could include more information about the faults and their movement that led to the quake, the tsunami that occurred as a result, the damage cause by the earthquake, the response to the earthquake, as well as including some much needed visuals to the page. The article is written from a neutral point of view and most of the sources are reliable and one is questionable in nature.

Tectonic Setting
Peru lies above the destructive boundary where the Nazca Plate is being subducted beneath the South American Plate. The two plates are converging towards each other at a rate of about 78mm or 3 inches per year. Southwestern Peru has a history of very large earthquakes. The June 23 shock originated just southeast of the source of a magnitude 7.7 earthquake that occurred in 1996, and it appears to have involved rupture of part of the plate boundary segment that produced an earthquake of magnitude approximately 9.0 in 1868. The 1868 earthquake was destructive in towns that were heavily damaged in the June 23 earthquake. The 1868 earthquake produced a tsunami that killed thousands of people along the South American coast and also caused damage in Hawaii and the only recorded tsunami deaths in New Zealand.

==== Tsunami Formulation  ==== A surface reaching tsunamis height is dependent on 2 calculable variables. These variables are known mathematically as gravity and depth. Because of this, the closer a tsunami wave gets to land the slower it becomes in overall speed. According to the formula $$V = \surd(g*d) $$, where g is "gravity" and d is "depth", the velocity of a tsunami wave in shallow water is proportional to the distance from its crest to the seafloor at its current position. However, according to the formula $$V = \surd((g*L)/2\pi)$$ a deep water tsunami's speed is determined by its wavelength "L" not by its distance to the seafloor. Due to this, its speed remains constant because it does not interact with the seafloor. Because of this, it can be assumed that the speed of a tsunami on land is drastically slower than its deep water counterpart.

Tsunami

The size and location of the earthquake caused a local tsunami in Peru and smaller tsunamis in other countries as well as other continents. The magnitude of the tsunami caused by the earthquake was measured as Mt=8.2 by the Earthquake Research Institute and waves from the local tsunami were recorded to be 5 to 8 meters high. The local tsunami that occurred in Peru caused great damage to a 20km section of coastline located in the municipality of Camana and as a result over 3000 structures were destroyed or damaged, around 5000 acres of farmland were covered in sand, 22 people were killed, and 62 people were reported missing. Although great damage occurred to structures in the area, the loss of human life could have been much greater had this event occurred in the summer when the area is highly populated by tourists. Another factor that greatly reduced the loss of life was the fact that a majority of the population is knowledgeable about earthquakes and their resulting tsunamis. Many of the residents felt the earthquake as well as noticed the receding water and had the ability to evacuate to higher ground to avoid the resulting tsunami. The largest non-local tsunamis occurred in Chile and waves reached heights of 257cm. Other areas that also recorded tsunamis associated with the earthquake include the Galapagos Islands, Mexico, California, Hawaii, Alaska, Fiji, Samoan Islands, Japan, New Zealand, Tonga, and Russia.

Tsunami Formulation Sources:
http://passyworldofmathematics.com/mathematics-of-ocean-waves-and-surfing/

https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/tsunamis http://tsunami.org/what-causes-a-tsunami/

Tsunami Sources:
https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/peru_arequipa_initial_reconnaissance_part1.pdf

https://www.tsunami.gov/previous.events/?p=06-23-01

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/preliminary-analysis-tsunami-generated-june-23-2001-peru-earthquake?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.S52A0617D/abstract

Relief

The Government of Peru and the Peruvian Civil Defense Institute (INDECI) were at the center of relief efforts after the earthquake and tsunami. At least 36,000 homes were damaged with another minimum of 24,000 homes destroyed. This was particularly concerning due to the weather being able to go below freezing temperatures in some of the areas. After a state of emergency was declared in some affected areas on the 24th of June, International assistance was requested by the Government of Peru and a total of $215 million was allocated with $70 million going to relief and $140 million going to reconstruction. Most of the funds were gotten from loans and were split between the different ministries of Government to provide aid and relief efforts. Multilateral Organizations including UNICEF, the United Nations and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red crescent societies. In addition numerous governments provided aid in form of either resources or money. These governments include but are not limited to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Uruguay, Venezuela, Belgium, France, USA, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the European Union Humanitarian Aid Office and The United Kingdom.

Relief source:

https://reliefweb.int/report/peru/peru-earthquake-fact-sheet-6-fiscal-year-fy-2001