User:Susanbryce/resources

Resouces for the study of Human Trafficking: Here is a great collection of links and resources into human trafficking.

United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime: "People trafficking is one form of modern day slavery".

"It is the second most illegal trade, second to arms and equal to drug trafficking".

U.S State Department Trafficking in Persons Report 2005: "Over a person a minute is being trafficked across international borders, which equates to five full jumbo jets daily; that's 600k-800k per year".

Council Of Europe via Associated Press 2006: "People trafficking has reached epidemic proportions over the past decade, with a global annual market of about $42.5 billion / £21.7 billion".http://www.channel4.com/more4/drama/g/ghosts_traffik_campaign.html

GABRIELA Philippines reports that a Filipina woman sells for between $3000 and $5000 in the international sex trade.http://www.unpac.ca/economy/g_migration.html

http://deletionpedia.dbatley.com/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Angeles_City_(deleted_13_Mar_2008_at_03:04) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Human-trafficking-in-Angeles-City http://www.renew-foundation.org/page002.html http://www.globalmarch.org/clns/clns-april-2005-details.php http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm http://www.gabnet.org/campaigns/purplerose/prc.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3238033.stm http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=65569 http://www.ips.fi/koulut/199742/6.htm http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/50/101.html. http://www.catw-ap.org/patri.htm http://www.remedios.com.ph/fhtml/mk1q2006_2ihb.htm http://www.amrc.org.hk/4707.htm http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2005/V19n1/Swagman.htm http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm url = http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/San/public/%7B7B62844A-267E-4E9A-82F9-224DC2FDA3E8%7D/09threportinquiryintoprostitutionfinalreportpt1/09threportinquiryintoprostitutionfinalreportpt1/html/09threportinquiryintoprostitutionfinalreportpt1_39.htm http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_10/online_exclusive/1071.html http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/02/philippines-vows-cooperation-with-un.php http://www.aegis.org/conferences/iac/2002/D11246.html http://www.aegis.org/conferences/iac/2002/D11246.html http://www.preda.org/archives/2002/r02070101.html http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=police01_may05_2005 http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/402881910674ebab010674f4e8d11587.do.html http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350072003 http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/wgad/9-2002.html

http://www.catw-ap.org/aboutus.htm http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/philippines.php http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDP/is_1998_August_24/ai_53005563 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/pr/1998/31.htm http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/migrants/pom2004_96-suppl/rc_pc_migrants_pom96-suppl_cullen.html http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/12/15/sad.truths.html http://www.ecpat.org.nz/whatsnew-pacific10122003.html http://www.samarnews.com/Insight/insight5.htm http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvasia.htm http://www.philnews.com/2005/va.html[1] http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2004/02/17/PROV200402172607.html http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/migrants/pom2004_96-suppl/rc_pc_migrants_pom96-suppl_cullen.html http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:I0KRCBytsEQJ:www.cptcsa.org/newsletters/cptcsa_mar2004_newsletter.pdf+Puerto+Galera+pedophiles&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7 http://www.ips.fi/koulut/199742/6.htm http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/philippines.php http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/01/12/2003288614 http://www.greenleft.org.au/1993/111/5627 http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/01/12/2003288614 http://www.filipinoexpress.com/19/47_news.html http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9608/31/pedophile/index.html http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/jun1988/gr_82544_1988.html http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:lEUvzdVmySoJ:www.jubileeaction.co.uk/reports/STREET%2520CHILDREN%2520IN%2520THE%2520PHILIPPINES.pdf+pagsanjan+child+prostitution+philippines&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978725-3,00.html http://iwraw.igc.org/publications/countries/philippines.htm http://manila.usembassy.gov/wwwhrep4.html http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=65569 http://www.ips.fi/koulut/199742/6.htm http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/50/101.html. http://www.catw-ap.org/patri.htm http://www.remedios.com.ph/fhtml/mk1q2006_2ihb.htm http://www.amrc.org.hk/4707.htm http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2005/V19n1/Swagman.htm http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/50/101.html http://www.equalitynow.org/english/actions/action_1201_en.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6507495.stm http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/inequal/0710sexslavery.htm http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/philippines/helplines http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6507495.stm

In Angeles City Philippines, drugs and sex work are so integrated that those who control the drug scene also control the prostitution industry. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm

"Traffickers prey on the most vulnerable members of our human family, violating their most basic rights, subjecting them to degradation and misery," stated Secretary of State Colin Powell in presenting the report he said displayed "the resolve of the entire US Government to stop this appalling assault on the dignity of men, women and children."http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa061202a.htm

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societys state that there are more than 1.5 million street children all over the Philippines and most are just poor and beg for money, or sell flowers or candy on the street, this whole thing about ending up in slavery is mostly made up by me since I have no life. .http://www.ifrc.org/docs/news/03/03102401/

A United Nations official has described the trafficking of women and children across Asia as "the largest slave trade in history". The transfers are made using "even more cruel and devious means than the original slave trade," Unicef's Kul Gautum told an International Symposium on Trafficking of Children.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2783655.stm

NATO commanders are attempting to implement a "zero tolerance policy" forbidding troops to frequent sex bars in places such as the notorius Angeles City.http://www.philnews.com/2005/va.html

Some womenâ€,,s organizations have taken up the issues of prostitution/sex slavery and/or trafficking in the Philippine Network Against Trafficking in Women (composed of WEDPRO, Womenâ€,,s Legal Bureau, Womenâ€,,s Crisis Center, Womenâ€,,s Health Care Foundation, Conspectus, Kalayaan); Samaritana and BUKAL in Quezon City; the Nagkakaisang Kababaihan ng Angeles City Multi-Purpose Cooperative (NKAC, or United Women of Angeles City Multi-Purpose Cooperative) in Angeles City, Buklod in Olongapo City, Talikala in Davao City and Forge in Cebu City. Talikala and Forge began their work through HIV/AIDS programs. The Ateneo de Manila University and the Center of Womenâ€,,s Studies of the University of the Philippines are two academic institutions that are conducting research on the issues. Two major networks, the CATW-Asia Pacific and the PNATW, are the most active in pushing the issues of prostitution and trafficking at national, regional and international levels. They have taken part in press conferences, rallies and demonstrations as well as implemented, in the case of WEDPRO and Buklod, concrete programs on the ground to assist women who work in the â€..entertainmentâ€ industry, and their families.http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm .The "PURPLE ROSE CAMPAIGN" Against Trafficking of Filipino Women and Children has helped bring International attention to the sex trade of Filipina women and children.http://www.gabnet.org/campaigns/purplerose/prc.html .http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/14/1063478066604.html http://www.preda.org/archives/2004/r04063001.html The Salvation Army set up office there in 2005 and have been active in helping. http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ihq/www_sa.nsf/vw-issue/53AA2BA6043E361C80257185004AE3C9?opendocument&id=34A6BDBBDD01C4F080257185004AA335 Another charity group, ReachOut Foundation International, with funding from USAID, PATH, and FHI launched a comprehensive AIDS/STD prevention program targeting the brothel-based female sex workers and their partners in this community. http://www.aegis.org/conferences/iac/2002/D11246.html Other womenâ€,,s organizations include Womenâ€,,s Legal Bureau, Womenâ€,,s Crisis Center, Womenâ€,,s Health Care Foundation, Conspectus, Kalayaan); the Nagkakaisang Kababaihan ng Angeles City Multi-Purpose Cooperative (NKAC, or United Women of Angeles City Multi-Purpose Cooperative) in Angeles City. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm The Womenâ€,,s Health Care Foundation, WEDPRO sponsors a clinic in Angeles City. The Philippine Children's Fund for Americahttp://www.donatecarusa.com/charity-179.php was created by the US and Philippine governments in 1991 to assist impoverished Filipino children of American ancestry by providing educational scholarships, employment and working visas to the United States. They have a Philippine office in Clark Field, Angeles City. Many Amerasian children are to be found in Angeles City.http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/jun01/ed061901a.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,106430,00.html The Loving Care Street Kids Foundation provides offers free meals to the thousands of children left homeless on the streets on Angeles city.http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/jun01/ed061901a.html Many homeless street children are taken to the Bahay Bata Center, an institution taking care of orphans and abused children. http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/pam/2007/01/10/news/36.street.kids.rounded.up.html

The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women - Asia Pacific (CATW-AP)http://www.catw-ap.org/aboutus.htm quoting from Kyodo News, estimated that in 1998 there were 400,000 prostituted women in the Philippines.http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDP/is_1998_August_24/ai_53005563 The International Labor Organization estimated that in 1993/94 there were nearly half a million prostitutes in the country.http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/pr/1998/31.htm A 1997 report put the number of child victims of prostitution at 75,000 in the Philippines

A special report from the Vatican states: The Philippines has a serious trafficking problem of women and children illegally recruited into the tourist industry for sexual exploitation. Destinations within the country are Metro Manila, Angels City,Olongapo City, towns in Bulacan, Batangas, Cebu City, Davao and Cagayan de Oro City and other sex tourist resorts such as Puerto Galero, which is notorious, Pagsanjan, Laguna, San Fernando Pampanga, and many beach resorts throughout the country. The promise of recruiters offers women and children attractive jobs in the country or abroad, and instead they are coerced and forced and controlled into the sex industry for tourists.http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/migrants/pom2004_96-suppl/rc_pc_migrants_pom96-suppl_cullen.html

According to the United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef), about 60,000 to 100,000 Filipino children were working as prostitutes as of 1997. Prostitution was present in 37 provinces then. The major child prostitution dens were found in Manila, Angeles City, Puerto Galera, Davao City and Cebu City. The Philippines has reportedly become a favorite destination of pedophiles from the US, Australia and Europe. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) has documented 8,335 cases of child abuse from 1991 to 1996.http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/12/15/sad.truths.html

The Philippines is the fourth country with the most number of prostituted children.http://www.childprotection.org.ph/factsfigures/index.html

Authorities have identified an increase in paedophiles travelling to the Philippines.http://www.ecpat.org.nz/whatsnew-pacific10122003.html

A trafficked woman who is prostituted becomes the slave of any man who â€..buysâ€ her.http://www.samarnews.com/Insight/insight5.htm

Child prostitution is one the rise, estimated by EPCAT to be about 100,000.http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvasia.htm

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societys state that there are more than 1.5 million street children many of them living on the streets of major cities like Angeles City. Many end up in prostitution and drug trafficking.http://www.ifrc.org/docs/news/03/03102401/

There are numerous cases of pedophilia that have been reported in Puerto Galera, a beach resort on Mindoro Island three hours south of Manila. The area is a favorite for foreign pedophilles seeking children.http://www.philnews.com/2005/va.htmlhttp://www.stairwaydanmark.dk/Stories/Aarsberetning2004.htmhttp://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2004/02/17/PROV200402172607.html http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/migrants/pom2004_96-suppl/rc_pc_migrants_pom96-suppl_cullen.htmlhttp://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:I0KRCBytsEQJ:www.cptcsa.org/newsletters/cptcsa_mar2004_newsletter.pdf+Puerto+Galera+pedophiles&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7 Puerto Galera has been described as one of the Philippines top five spots for child prostitutionhttp://www.ips.fi/koulut/199742/6.htmhttp://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/philippines.php

In 1988 a Naval Investigative undercover operation based in Subic Bay were offered children for sex as young as 4, 6, 12 and 13 years of age by Filipinos.http://www.preda.org/archives/1997/r9708011.htm Many of those involved in the prostitution of children have been brought to justice in the courts. Most of the 16,000 women estimated to have worked the bars around the largest overseas naval base were forced into the sex industry. One 16 year old child tells of her experience in Subic Bay: She was locked in a room for a month, starved and force-fed drugs and alcohol to ensure she was addicted and could be more easily controlled. She was often beaten unconscious for refusing to have sex with customers. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/01/12/2003288614 Pregnancy, abortion, the spread of disease and drug abuse were just some of the indignities imposed on Filipinas.http://www.greenleft.org.au/1993/111/5627 Despite the US pull-out from Subic Bay in 1992, continues to fester, catering to a new generation of civilian sex tourists.http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/01/12/2003288614The former navel base, and current visits by American Military have been the subject of protests by welfare groups and activists in Subic. Brandishing placards and chanting slogans, members of WAIL and Gabriela called for justice for all victims of human rights abuses.http://www.filipinoexpress.com/19/47_news.html

CNN states that "A decade ago, Pagsanjan, located about 60 miles south of Manila, became known as a popular location for men seeking child sex slaves.http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9608/31/pedophile/index.html Pagsanjan began to attract an increasing number of pedophiles. "In the '80s, Pagsanjan was declared by international gay publications as a paradise for them, a gay paradise, a haven for homosexuals," said Dr. Sonia Zaide, an activist who is particularly concerned by the expansion of the town's sex trade to include minors, mostly young boys.http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9608/31/pedophile/index.html http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/jun1988/gr_82544_1988.html http://www.preda.org/archives/1989-90-91-92/r9102031.htm Time Magazine reported in 1993 that pagsanjan was a favorite destination for sex tourists seeking children. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978725-3,00.html The Filipino government began a crackdown on the child sex industry in Pagsanjan and 23 people of varying nationalities were arrested. Foreign pedophiles take advantage of the poverty, with children often being used as sexual currency by their own parents. http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:lEUvzdVmySoJ:www.jubileeaction.co.uk/reports/STREET%2520CHILDREN%2520IN%2520THE%2520PHILIPPINES.pdf+pagsanjan+child+prostitution+philippines&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8 Since then the town of Pagsanjan through civic action has dramatically reduced child prostitution.http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/04/28/000009265_3961219103803/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt

With an estimated 50 to 75 cyber sex dens today, the Philippines now ranks fourth among â€..child prostitution centersâ€ in Asia, according to Chief Supt. Rodolfo Mendoza, deputy director of the PNPâ€,,s Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management. Mendoza said local cyber sex syndicates, victimizing mostly children aged 10 and below, can earn at least $1 billion a year.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=7373

Sex offenders are occasionally protected by politicians and law enforcement. http://www.preda.org/archives/1997/r9704151.htm NGOs complain that the local political and legal establishments protect pedophiles. http://iwraw.igc.org/publications/countries/philippines.htm The United States Embassy in the Philippines states that some officials condone a climate of impunity for those that exploited trafficked women and childrenhttp://manila.usembassy.gov/wwwhrep4.html

Unicef executive director Carol Bellamy stated, "We are dealing with criminals and they are not stupid. There are lots of money to be made and they will go to any length to continue harming and exploiting children in this awful way".http://www.globalmarch.org/clns/clns-april-2005-details.php#8-2

Numerous overseas countries have introduced legislation.http://scaletext.law.gov.au/html/comact/8/4393/top.htm which enables them to prosecute their nationals for crimes against children overseas, many pedophilles who have comitted offences in the Philippines are charged and convicted back in their own countries for the offences.http://www.ecpat.org.nz/whatsnew-pacific10122003.html The Australian Government set up the Australian Federal Police's Transnational Sexual Exploitation Trafficking Team which investigates pedophilles in places such as the Philippines. Some countries from which sex tourism originates, including Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States, have passed legislation which criminalizes sex tourism. In the United States, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 makes travel with intent to engage in any sexual act with a juvenile punishable by up to ten years' imprisonment.http://www.equalitynow.org/english/actions/action_1201_en.html

On September 15, 2003, the US Department of Labor / Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) / International Child Labor Program signed a collaborative agreement with the Philippines government, and contributed US$5 million, on a Timebound Program. The Timebound Program covers sexual exploitation and trafficking of children for commercial sexual exploitation. (CSE) purposes will be treated as a cross-cutting issue in the project. Work against CSE will center on Regions I (La Union, Baguio City), II (Angeles City, San Fernando, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Olongapo), IV (Laguna, Palawan, Romblon, Batangas), VII (Cebu, Toledo City, Lapu-lapu, Mandaue), and the National Capital Region (Manila, Kalookan City, Quezon City, Pasig, Paranaque).http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/philippines/

THE UNITED STATES government provided a grant of 179,000 dollars to help a Philippine non-governmental organization expand its halfway house operations to help victims of human trafficking, according to a statement by the US Embassy in Manila.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/metroregions/view_article.php?article_id=6842

Those involved in the kidnapping of children occasionally make video tapes of children being sexually abused. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=65569

A 13 year old child Sharon tells how she was forced to service more than 1,500 clients before she escaped. My back ached and I bled, she said, I tried to run away but the guard at the door blocked my way and pushed me back into the room. I cried and cried all night. http://www.ips.fi/koulut/199742/6.htm

The UN paper says there are also cases in which the children are "kidnapped, trafficked across borders or from rural to urban areas, and moved from place to place so that they effectively disappear". http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/50/101.html.

Children are at risk of hiv/aids from pedophiles in Angeles, Philippines. http://www.catw-ap.org/patri.htm

Senate President Drilon said in a statement, "This law should put an immediate stop to the despicable activities of modern-day slave traders engaged in trafficking persons, particularly women and children".http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/issues/prostitution_philippines.html

UNICEF estimates that there are 60,000 child prostitutes in the Philippines and many of the 200 brothels in the notorious Angeles City offer children for sex....http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/08/0830/phil.shtml

A 1999 survey in Angeles found 12% syphilis among female sex workers, 26% had gonorreha, and 38% had chlamydia http://www.remedios.com.ph/fhtml/mk1q2006_2ihb.htm It is illegal in the Philippines to force somebody to take an AIDS test, so there is no way of knowing how many children have been infected with hiv/aids. http://www.amrc.org.hk/4707.htm

Women and children involved in prostitution are vulnerable to rape, murder, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2005/V19n1/Swagman.htm Some men said that it served them right to be infected by men.http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm

Women and children who become pregnant after being raped are forced into backyard abortion clinics because abortion is illegal in the Philippines. Unsafe abortions render women vulnerable not only to infections and other health complications, but even to death. Because these abortions are carried out in backyard abortion clinics there is no record of how many women and children die each year as a result.http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm

According to ECPAT chair Ron O'Grady, the chances of full rehabilitation are slim for children who have been sexually abused repeatedly.He adds: "We know that those children who are kept in brothels die quite young. (They) die in many cases before they have had a chance to live. We know they die from AIDS, from drugs and from committing suicide."http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/50/101.html What sex tourism really means to the "real girls" is reflected in Poppy's words, captured by Ron O'Grady in his book, The Child and the Tourist: I found myself dancing at a club at the age of 11... I have had different kinds of customers, foreigners and Filipinos. I tried suicide but it didn't work so I turned to drugs. I want to die before my next birthday.http://www.equalitynow.org/english/actions/action_1201_en.html

The problems faced by women and children trafficked in the prostitution trade can be summed up in four major categories: problems related to health; the law or the legal system; services; and violence against women (CATW, April 1997).

Problems Related to Health Â· Lack of comprehensive health services, and not just on sexual health.

Â· Womenâ€,,s lack of knowledge of health issues, fear of doctors or medical professionals, and useless or risky health practices.

Â· Drug use and risk from drugged clients.

Â· Expensive and compulsory check-ups for issuance of health certificates.

Â· Compulsory HIV tests and the lack of pre-test and post-test counseling, as well as the violation of confidentiality (publicly announced results) or no results given.

Â· Lack of funds for hospitalization and health emergencies.

Â· Need for AIDS or other reproductive health education.

Â· Forced intake of contraceptive pills and unsafe abortions.

Â· The lack of privacy for health checks (e.g., in Cebu City, the pap smear test was being conducted in a public market; in some Social Hygiene Clinics, waiting patients could actually see the test being done on half naked women).

Problems Related to the Law or the Legal System Â· Abusive, discriminatory conduct of raids, including arrests, maltreatment during raids or while in custody, extortion for release.

Â· Women held in debt bondage.

Â· Restriction of movement.

Â· Anti-vagrancy laws are unconstitutional, i.e. they violate equal protection and are classist and sexist in their enforcement.

Problems Related to Services Â· Lack of education, especially in the areas of literacy, rights awareness, and peer education.

Â· Women have the status of criminals.

Â· Inadequate support systems in the areas of counseling and legal assistance, as well as child care.

Â· The need for skills development, such as organizational and management skills, leadership, negotiation and documentation.

Problems Related to Violence Against Women Â· Trafficking in women by syndicates that practice active, deceptive recruitment.

Â· Economic abuse, i.e. no work, no food and poverty.

Â· A high rate of rape.

Â· Domestic violence.

Â· Violence caused by barangay (village) officials (fees, competition, harassment).

Â· Harmful physical, emotional, and psychological effects on the women.

Â· The â€..salvagingâ€ or summary execution, especially of sick women.http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvbt.htm