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At low concentration of amino acid, GCN2 is activated due to the increase level of unchanged tRNA molecules. Activated GCN2 phosphorylates itself and elF2ɑ, it triggers a transcriptional and translational response to restore amino acid homeostasis by affecting the utilization, acquisition, and mobilization of amino acid in an organism.

Essential amino acids are crucial to maintain homeostasis within an organism. Diet plays an important role in the health of an organism, as evidence ranging from human epidemological to model organism experimental data suggests that diet-dependent pathways impact a variety of adult stem cells.