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Four Years Graduate Programme in BOTANY (NEP – 2020) Syllabus

Core paper I: Microbial Diversity and Technology Syllabus

'''Chapter	No. 1:	Microbial	diversity''' Introduction	to	microbial	diversity; Hierarchical organization and positions of microbes in the living world: Whittaker’s five-kingdom system and Carl Richard Woese’s three-domain system. Distribution of microbes in soil, air, food and water. Significance of microbial diversity in nature.

Chapter No. 2 History and development of microbiology Microbiologists and contributions of - Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Dmitri Iwanowski, Sergius Winogradsky and M W Beijerinck and Paul Ehrlich. Contributions of any two Indian microbiologists.

Chapter No. 3 Microscopy Working principle and applications of light, dark field, phase contrast and electron microscopes (SEM and TEM). Microbiological stains (acidic, basic and special) and Principles of staining. Simple, Gram’s and differential staining.

Chapter No. 4. Culture media for Microbes Natural and synthetic media, Routine media -basal media, enriched media, selective media, indicator media, transport media, and storage media.

Chapter No. 5. Sterilization methods Methods of disinfection: antiseptic, tyndallisation and Pasteurization. Sterilization-Physical methods: dry heat, moist heat, UV light, ionization radiation, filtration. Chemical methods - phenolic compounds, anionic and cationic detergents.

Chapter No. 6. Microbial Growth Microbial growth and measurement. Nutritional types of Microbes- autotrophs and heterotrophs, phototrophs and chemotrophs; lithotrophs and organotrophs.

Chapter No. 7 Microbial cultures and preservation Microbial cultures. Pure culture and axenic cultures, subculturing. Preservation methods-overlaying cultures with mineral oils, lyophilisation. Microbial culture collections and their importance. A brief account on ITCC, MTCC and ATCC.

Chapter No. 8. Viruses General structure and classification of Viruses; ICTV system of classification. Structure and multiplication of TMV, SARS-COV-2, and Bacteriophage (T2). Cultivation of viruses. Vaccines and types.

Chapter No. 9. Bacteria General characteristics and classification.(Bergey’s classification) Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Ultrastructure of Bacteria; Bacterial growth and nutrition. Reproduction in bacteria- asexual and sexual methods. Study of Rhizobium and its applications. A brief account of Actinomycetes

'''Chapter No. 11. Fungi''' General characteristics and classification (Alexopoulos classification). Thallus organization and nutrition in fungi. Reproduction in fungi (asexual and sexual). Heterothallism and parasexuality. Type study: Morphology of Phytophthora,Rhizopus, Neurospora, Puccinia, Penicillium and Trichoderma. Morphology and reproduction of Phytophthora and Puccinia. VAM Fungi and their significance. Microbial plant diseases-Late Blight of Potato, Black stem rust of wheat; Downy Mildew of Bajra, Grain smut of Sorghum, Sandal Spike, Citrus Canker, Root Knot Disease of Mulberry. Economic importance of Fungi.