User:Swiãtopôłk/sandbox

Symbols of separatists from Cabinda
The Angolan exclave of Cabinda has been the site of a separatist conflict since the Angolan War of Independence. The separatist side is represented by several organizations, the largest of which is the FLEC, which maintains the armed forces of the Republic of Cabinda.

Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda
Blue-yellow-red tricolor with green triangle and white star appeared on 1 August 1975, when the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda declared independence Republic of Cabinda. The state ceased to exist after five months, but FLEC continues to operate under the same flag. The original FLEC was reformed in the 1990s and split into factions. This flag represented Cabinda in the UNPO between 1997 and 2011. Apart from FLEC-Renovada, whose flag was white with a central stripe divided into three colours (green, yellow and black, with a red ring in the middle of the flag), these factions continued to use the original red, yellow and blue flag.

Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda
The next flag of the Republic of Cabinda, headed by a Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda, government in exile established by immigrants in the Netherlands, changed the red to black. Adopted after 1996, the central stripe represents the padrão, a still existing monument erected in 1956, in memory of the Treaty of Simulambuco (1885), which established a Portuguese protectorate over Cabinda. The disregard of this treaty by the Angolan government is one of the causes of the conflict.

Cabinda Free State
An organization calling itself simply "Cabinda Free State" created symbols referring to the pre-colonial Bakongo kingdoms. The flag they use is a horizontal copper, white and black tricolour. The copper symbolizes the kingdoms of NGoyo, Loango and Kakongo, the white culture and the black the inhabitants. The charge of their coat of arms represents the design of the ancient banner of King of Kakongo, that is, the ruler carrying his son between the moon and the sun.

Flag of Hayreddin Barbarossa
The Arabic calligraphy at the top of the standard reads, "نَصرٌ مِنَ اللَّـهِ وَفَتحٌ قَريبٌ وَبَشِّرِ المُؤمِنينَ يَا مُحَمَّد" (nasrun mina'llāhi wa fatḥhun qarībun wa bashshiri'l-mu’minīna yā muḥammad), translated as "Victory from Allah and an eminent conquest; and give good tidings to the believers, O Muhammad." The text comes from verse 61:13 of the Quran, with the addition of "O Muhammad", since the last part of the verse addresses the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

Within the four crescents are the names, from right to left, beginning at the top right, of the first four caliphs – Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali – whose rule of the Islamic state after Muhammad is referred to as the Rashidun Caliphate.

The two-bladed sword represents Dhu'l-Fiqar, a famous sword in Islamic history, belonging first to Muhammad and then Ali. To the left of the sword's hilt is a small hand.

Between the two blades of the sword is a six-pointed star. The star may be confused with the Star of David, a Jewish symbol. However, in medieval times, this star was a popular Islamic symbol known as the Seal of Solomon and was widely used by the Beyliks of Anatolia. The seal was later used by the Ottomans in their mosque decorations, coins and the personal flags of the pashas, including Hayreddin Barbarossa. One of the Turkish beyliks known to use the seal on its flag was the Jandarids. According to the Catalan Atlas of 1375 by A. Cresques, the flag of the Karamanids, another Anatolian beylik, consisted of a blue six-edged star.

Flags of the Kingdom of Beni Abbas
Draft:Flags of the Kingdom of Beni Abbas

Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen
The Kingdom of Tlemcen was a late medieval Islamic kingdom ruled by the Zenata Berber Zayyanid dynasty in what is now the northwest of Algeria. During the existence of this country, national flags in the modern sense were not used. There are no Arabic sources describing the flags used by Tlemcen, however Iberian sources show similar blue and white banners with a crescent moon. The white banner with blue crescent is consistently served by Angelino Dulcert (fl. 1320s) as well as the authors of the Book of All Kingdoms (dated to c. 1385) and the Catalan Atlas (often conventionally dated 1375). Early 14th century genoese cartographer Pietro Vesconte showed the banner as white with a red crescent and three fringes. Lopo Homem on a map from 1519 shows a coat of arms with a blue shield and a golden crescent. A 16th century map created 8 years after the fall of Tumcan and 3 years after the death of its last ruler in Spanish Oran shows inverted colors, i.e. white crescent on a blue background. The flag of the Kingdom of Tlemcen shows the earliest use of the crescent in present day Algeria. Widespread use of the crescent in Islam develops during the 14th to 15th century. Algeria now uses the crescent along with the star in national flag.

Chiefdoms of Hispaniola

 * Chiefs of Marién (?–mid 16th century)
 * Chiefs of Maguá (?–mid 16th century)
 * Chiefs of Maguana (?–mid 16th century)
 * Chiefs of Jaragua (?–mid 16th century)
 * Chiefs of Higüey (?–mid 16th century)

El Salvador

 * Cuzcatlan (1054–1528)

Haiti

 * House of Dessalines (AD 1804–1806) – First Empire of Haiti
 * Line of kings of Haiti (AD 1811–1820) – Kingdom of Haiti
 * House of Soulouque (AD 1849–1859) – Second Empire of Haiti

Maya

 * Chan Santa Cruz Maya free State of Quintana Roo, Mexico (1850–1893)
 * Itza Elite Yucatan, Mexico (600–1697)
 * Kan Ek' Nojpetén Itza kingship, Guatemala (700–1697)
 * Yax Kuk Mo Dynasty, Honduras (426 AC–810)
 * K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj, Guatemala (1225–1524)
 * Palenque B'aak dynasty Chiapas, Mexico(967 BCE – 799 CE)
 * Siyaj K'ak' dynasties Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras (378–869)

Mexico

 * Altepetl of Tetzcoco (AD 1298–1564)
 * Purépecha Empire (AD 1300–1530)
 * Altepetl of Tenochtitlan (AD 1325–1525, AD 1538–1565)
 * Altepetl of Tlatelolco (AD 1403–1579)
 * House of Iturbide (AD 1822–1823) – First Mexican Empire
 * House of Habsburg-Lorraine (AD 1864–1867) – Second Mexican Empire

Panama

 * House of Santana (AD ?–present)

Trinidad and Tobago

 * Carib Queen line (AD 1875–present)

Conterminous United States

 * Powhatan Chiefs (?–1646)
 * Sachem (?–1676)
 * Iroquois Confederacy (1142–present)
 * Hunkpapa Seven council fires (?–1872)
 * Wapasha dynasty (AD 1718–present) – Mdewakanton sub-tribe of the Dakota people (Non-sovereign)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)

 * Clunies-Ross family (AD 1827–1978)

Easter Island (Chile)

 * Miru dynasty (?–AD 1899) – Kingdom of Rapa Nui

Fiji

 * Bau dynasty (AD 1871–1874) – ''Kingdom of Fiji
 * House of Hanover (AD 1874–1901) – Fiji under British rule
 * House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (AD 1901–1917) – Fiji under British rule
 * House of Windsor (AD 1917–1987) – Fiji under British rule (AD 1917–1970) and Fiji as a Commonwealth realm (AD 1970–1987)

Austral Islands

 * Tamaeva dynasty (?–AD 1900) – Kingdom of Rimatara
 * Teuruarii dynasty (?–AD 1900) – Kingdom of Rurutu

Bass Islands

 * Line of monarchs of Rapa Iti (?–AD 1881)

Gambier Islands

 * Line of monarchs of Mangareva (?–AD 1881)

Marquesas Islands

 * De Thierry dynasty (AD 1835-1837) – Kingdom of Nuku Hiva

Society Islands

 * House of Tapoa (AD 1778–1873) – Kingdom of Bora Bora
 * Pōmare dynasty (AD 1788–1808, AD 1815–1895) – Kingdom of Tahiti (AD 1788–1808, AD 1815–1880) and Kingdom of Bora Bora (AD 1873–1895)
 * House of Tamatoa (AD 1820–1884, AD 1888–1897) – Kingdom of Raiatea
 * House of Teururai (AD 1852–1895) – Kingdom of Huahine (AD 1852–1895) and Kingdom of Raiatea (AD 1885–1888)

Hawaii (United States)

 * Pili line (Hale o Pili) (?–AD 1695)
 * House of Keawe (Hale o Keawe) (AD 1695–?)
 * House of Keōua Nui (Hale o Keōua Nui)
 * House of Kamehameha (Hale o Kamehameha) (c. AD 1795–1872)
 * House of Laʻanui (Hale o Laʻanui) – Descendants of the Hawaiian throne
 * House of Kalākaua (c. AD 1874–1893)
 * House of Kawānanakoa – Descendants of the Hawaiian throne

Kiribati

 * Butaritari ruling family (AD mid to late 19th Century–1892) – on Butaritari and Makin Islands
 * Abemama ruling family (AD mid to late 19th Century–1892) – Kingdom of Abemama

Marshall Islands

 * Kabua dynasty (c. AD 1863–1910)

Micronesia

 * Saudeleur dynasty (c. AD 1100–1628)
 * Gagil dynasty (?–1947) – Yapese Empire

Nauru

 * House of Emea (AD 1888–1921) – After uniting the 12 tribes of Nauru

Cook Islands

 * Ariki families (?–present) – Kingdom of Rarotonga

Samoan Islands

 * Tui Manu'a Confederacy (?–?)

Tonga

 * Tuʻi Tonga (c. AD 900–1865)
 * Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua (c. AD 1470–1797)
 * House of Tupou (AD 1845–present)

Bolivia

 * Afro-Bolivian Royal House (AD 1823–present)

Brazil

 * House of Braganza (Sereníssima Casa de Bragança) (AD 1640–1910) – Brazil under Portuguese rule (AD 1640–1815), Brazil within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (AD 1815–1822), and Empire of Brazil (AD 1822–1889)
 * House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (AD 1853–1910)
 * House of Orléans-Braganza (Casa de Orléans e Bragança) – Claimants to the Brazilian throne since AD 1921
 * Palmares (AD 1670–1695)
 * Harden dynasty (AD 1893–1895) – Principality of Trinidad

Chile

 * Tounes dynasty (AD 1860–1862) – kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia with the chiefdoms of Mapuche Nation

Peru

 * Hurin dynasty (1197 – c. 1350), ruling dynasty of earlier Kingdom of Cusco
 * Hanan dynasty (c. 1350–1533), ruling dynasty of later Kingdom of Cusco, Inca Empire and Neo-Inca State

Venezuela

 * Welser family (1528–1546) – Klein-Venedig