User:Swiftkick98/sandbox

I have emboldened my edits, because they are interspersed between the content already on Copenhagen's wikipedia page under the subheading "Environmental Planning." I have also removed the sources previously linked on the page so they would not clutter my sources. Thank you!

Environmental Planning
'''From the 16th century to the mid 18th century, Denmark suffered gradual economic, social, and environmental degradation that largely impacted urban areas such as the city of Copenhagen.  Unprecedented population growth coupled with the growth of Denmark as a fiscal-military state put severe pressure on the country's resources. An overhaul in policy regarding land reclamation, energy and raw material resources, and agriculture in the late 1700s became known as the green revolution. The green revolution created a new sense of national identity in Denmark as well as furthering the idea of political democracy. The centralized power of the government and surrounding administrations had an a positive influence on Danish society and the commitment to sustainability. '''

'''In 1971, the Ministry of Environment was introduced in Denmark, and in 1973 Denmark became the first country to implement legislature solely for the environment. In recent years, with rising implications global warming poses to the environment worldwide, Copenhagen has become a leading city in building sustainable infrastructure and environmental awareness. '''  Copenhagen is recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world. As a result of its commitment to high environmental standards, Copenhagen has been praised for its green economy, ranked as the top green city for the second time in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index (GGEI). '''The culture in Copenhagen emphasizes an efficient, low-impact lifestyle focused on sustainability and environmental conservation.  In 2001 a large offshore wind farm was built just off the coast of Copenhagen at Middelgrunden, which has caused a gradual rise in property prices in the surrounding areas.'''  It produces about 4% of the city's energy.undefined Years of substantial investment in sewage treatment have improved water quality in the harbour to an extent that the inner harbour can be used for swimming with facilities at a number of locations. In 2009, the Copenhagen Accord was drafted at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to try and get other countries onboard for combating rising effects of climate change. The Copenhagen Accord challenged some of the world's leading countries in carbon emission to change their policies with environmental sustainability in mind. Copenhagen aims to be carbon-neutral by 2025, a goal that would make Copenhagen the first carbon-neutral capital in the world. '''However, the northern climate where Denmark is located makes for challenging implementation of sustainable building design.  Commercial and residential buildings are to reduce electricity consumption by 20 percent and 10 percent respectively, and total heat consumption is to fall by 20 percent''' by 2025. Renewable energy features such as solar panels are becoming increasingly common in the newest buildings in Copenhagen. District heating will be carbon-neutral by 2025, by waste incineration and biomass. New buildings must now be constructed according to Low Energy Class ratings and in 2020 near net-zero energy buildings. By 2025, 75% of trips should be made on foot, by bike, or by using public transit. The city plans that 20–30% of cars will run on electricity or biofuel by 2025. The investment is estimated at $472 million public funds and $4.78 billion private funds. Since 2009, it has been the strategy of administrators in Copenhagen's urban planning that future buildings are to produce more energy than they consume.

The city's architectural planning authorities continue to take full account of these priorities. Special attention is given both to climate issues and efforts to ensure maximum application of low-energy standards. Priorities include sustainable drainage systems, recycling rainwater, green roofs, efficient waste management solutions and public transportation. In city planning, streets and squares are to be designed to encourage cycling and walking rather than driving. Copenhagen is the one of the world's leading cycling-friendly cities, and approximately 36 percent of all commuter destinations in the city are accessibly by bike. 62 percent of the population in Copenhagen choses cycling as a way to get to work or school.  Additionally, Copenhagen's metro was designed in tandem with the creation of protected public green space to help enhance the Metropolitan Area.  Recently, technology and big-data is being implemented to create new jobs as well as sustainable solutions in Copenhagen.  A recent proposal is to identify a what the production of certain food's impact on climate change amounts to on the food label; this is an example of the Copenhagen's leading focus on environmental awareness.

Diversity and immigration
Amsterdam experienced an influx of religions and cultures after the Second World War. With 180 different nationalities, Amsterdam is home to one of the widest varieties of nationalities of any city in the world. The proportion of the population of immigrant origin in the city proper is about 50% and 88% of the population are Dutch citizens.

'''A large number of Amsterdam's immigrant population consists of Berbers. The Berber people, also known as the Amazigh people, are an ethnic race of indigenous peoples from Morocco in North Africa and are sometimes referred to as from the Maghreb —a generalization of the region encompassing most Northern African countries. After the Second World War ended, the Dutch economy underwent rapid growth, resulting in a shortage of labor. Berbers left rural Morocco to find employment in the more prosperous Dutch economy, starting an annual decrease in Morocco's labor and work force percentages. The migration resulted in large Berber populations gravitating toward urban economic centers like Amsterdam.'''

''' For the incoming Berber population in the Netherlands, a complicated process awaits to obtain a visa. Berber peoples face racial exclusion or attacks, be they verbal or physical. Migration policymaking has begun to change in Amsterdam to be more inclusive of incoming immigrants. The Immigration and Naturalization Services (Immigratie en Naturalisatiedienst or IND) is now required by law to give immigrants seeking asylum a verdict on asylum applications within a 6 month time frame. In recent years, there has been a measurable increase in political representation for migrant populations, including the Berbers, in Amsterdam. Similarly, recent studies have shown that an effort to promote literacy among Berber women in the Netherlands has resulted in the betterment of their health. '''

Amsterdam has been one of the municipalities in the Netherlands which provided immigrants with extensive and free Dutch-language courses, which have benefited many immigrants.

Amsterdam References
(old assignment below)

Architecture


The earliest description of the architecture in Rouen dates back to the 10th century. The town was a rich, flourishing hub of trade on the River Seine and the architecture reflected this in its buildings. As the city fell under different rulers, the lasting architecture reflected their reign. For example, William the Conqueror was of the Catholic religion. Under his reign during the 11th century, many churches were built in and around Rouen, including La Trinité-du-Mont, Notre-Dame-du-Pré, and the Romanesque cathedral. Gothic architecture emerged in Normandy (the region of France where Rouen is located) in the mid-12th century. Gothic elements of architecture in Rouen still stand today--such as the renowned Rouen Cathedral.