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Leaf-nosed Bat Outline

Susan Hynes, Anna Lee, Andy Smith, Julia Villegas

Introduction

Current intro contains: range, diet, and physical description

Can add more general information instead of focusing on individual species.

Give overview of information in following sections.

These changes will give readers a more clear and comprehensive summary of the article and content.

Range

Describe locations, climates, and habitats of where Leaf-nosed bats are found

Evolution of

Bats are the second most diverse group of mammals, behind rodents - bats evolved to have evolved the ability to actually fly, and are the only mammals that have done so.

It is believed that bats evolved from a common ancestor with the flying lemur and gradually adapted the stretched skin that now forms the wing of the bat from the loose skin used for gliding, and a flapping motion evolved in conjunction with trying to glide further.

Leaf nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) evolved from Yangochiroptera and Miniopteridae with sister groups also evolving from this group.

More information about the evolution of the nose and the different lineages of the species. A tree of the different leaf nosed bats if one can be found/made. (if a tree is available, link to the individual species pages)

Instead of only listing subfamilies and species, these changes will put that information in context and explain the origin and natural history of leaf-nosed bats.

Human Impact

Habitat disturbance--presence of humans can cause abandonment of roosts (largest negative impact is during summer months when leaf-nosed bats are rearing young)

California leaf-nosed bats often find permanent homes in abandoned mine shafts--when humans re-work old mines this pushes the bats out of their habitat

In captivity (zoos)

life span compared to wild leaf-nosed bats, which species are kept and how frequently.

Anatomy

Physical size ranges and notable outlier species

Overall physical characteristics

About the leaf-nose

Morphology

Potential evolutionary purpose/current function

They aren’t sure what the purpose of the leaf nose is used for, but is suspected to

aid in the use of echolocation.

Variation between species

Diets

Range of the types of diets that different leaf nosed bats have - link to the other individual bat species pages.

Elaborate on different diets - most are insectivores, list species that are frugivores and carnivores (including vampire bats).

Behavior

Behaviors in the dawn/dusk

Nighttime hunting/foraging behavior

Roosting behavior

Protective of young vs. passive in threatening situations

Social Behavior

Subsection of behavior - describe the general social interactions of leaf nosed bats. Describe if they are usually found in small or large roosts - or if it’s based on the species. Are there smaller groups within the large roosts?

Behavioral displays while mating?

If both parents are involved in the rearing of offspring.

Can touch on food sharing behavior of vampire bats

Life Cycle

Describe the typical mating pattern of leaf nosed bat species and approximately/ give a range of how long the gestation period is and how long they are dependent on their mother. How many offspring does the mother usually have.

Overall, changes will add much more information to give a detailed summary of many aspects of the leaf-nosed bat family and will expound upon the information in the existing article’s introduction and classification sections.

Leaf-nosed Bat Bibliography

Anna Lee, Andy Smith, Julia Villegas, Susan Hynes

Categories to add:

Range

Rojas, D., Moreira, M., Ramos Pereira, M.J., Fonseca, C., Dávalos, L.M. Updated distribution maps for neotropical bats in the superfamily Noctilionoidea (2018) Ecology, 99 (9), p. 2131.

Ho, Y.-Y., & Lee, L.-L. (2003). Roost Selection by Formosan Leaf-Nosed Bats (Hipposideros armiger terasensis). Zoological Science, 20(8), 1017–1024. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.20.1017

Villalobos, F., & Arita, H. T. (2010). The diversity field of New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(2), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00503.x

Evolution of  Leaf-nosed Bats

Baker, R. J.. (2003). Diversification among New World leaf-nosed bats: an evolutionary hypothesis and classification inferred from digenomic congruence of DNA sequence. Occasional Papers - Museum of Texas Tech University. Retrieved from http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/op230.pdf

Baker, R. J., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Mantilla-Meluk, H., Porter, C. A., & Bussche, R. A. V. D. (2010). Molecular Timescale of Diversification of Feeding Strategy and Morphology in New World Leaf-Nosed Bats (Phyllostomidae): a Phylogenetic Perspective, 26. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139045599.012

Rossoni, D. M., Assis, A. P. A., Giannini, N. P., Marroig, G. (2017). Intense natural selection preceded the invasion of new adaptive zones during the radiation of New World leaf-nosed bats. Scientific Reports. 7 (11076). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08989-6

Human Impact

Williams‐Guillén, K., & Perfecto, I. (2010). Effects of Agricultural Intensification on the Assemblage of Leaf-Nosed Bats (Phyllostomidae) in a Coffee Landscape in Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica, 42(5), 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00626.x

General Anatomy/ Nose facts

Yohe, L.R., Hoffmann, S., Curtis, A. Vomeronasal and olfactory structures in bats revealed by dicect clarify genetic evidence of function (2018) Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 12, art. no. 32,.

Dumont, E. R., Samadevam, K., Grosse, I., Warsi, O. M., Baird, B., & Davalos, L. M. (2014). Selection for Mechanical Advantage Underlies Multiple Cranial Optima in New World Leaf-Nosed Bats. Evolution, 68(5), 1436–1449. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12358

Stockwell, E. (2001). Morphology and flight manoeuvrability in New World leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Journal of Zoology, 254(4), 505-514. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836901001005

Diet

Kries, K., Barros, M.A.S., Duytschaever, G., Orkin, J.D., Janiak, M.C., Pessoa, D.M.A., Melin, A.D. Colour vision variation in leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae): Links to cave roosting and dietary specialization (2018) Molecular Ecology, 27 (18), pp. 3627-3640.

Elangovan, V., Marimuthu, G., Kunz, T.H. Temporal patterns of resource use by the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) (2001) Journal of Mammalogy, 82 (1), pp. 161-165.

Korine, C., & Kalko, E. K. V. (2005). Fruit detection and discrimination by small fruit-eating bats (Phyllostomidae): echolocation call design and olfaction. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 59(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-005-0003-1

Behavior

Hiryu, S., Katsura, K., Nagato, T., Yamazaki, H., Lin, L.-K., Watanabe, Y., & Riquimaroux, H. (2006). Intra-individual variation in the vocalized frequency of the Taiwanese leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros terasensis, influenced by conspecific colony members. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 192(8), 807–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-006-0118-5

Jiang, T., Liu, R., Metzner, W., You, Y., Li, S., Liu, S., & Feng, J. (2010). Geographical and individual variation in echolocation calls of the intermediate leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros larvatus. Ethology, 116(8), 691–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01785.x

Life Cycle

Crichton, E. G., & Krutzsch, P. H. (1985). Reproductive biology of the female leaf–nosed bat, Macrotus californicus, in southwestern united states: I. A morphometric analysis of the annual ovarian cycle. American Journal of Anatomy, 173(2), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001730202

Jin, L., Lin, A., Sun, K., Liu, Y., & Feng, J. (2011). Postnatal development of morphological features and vocalization in the pomona leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros pomona. Acta Theriologica, 56(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-010-0011-z

Social Behavior

Porter, F. L. (1979). Social Behavior in the Leaf-Nosed Bat, Carollia perspicillata. Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, 50(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb01012.x

Chaverri, G., Gillam, E. H., & Vonhof, M. J. (2010). Social calls used by a leaf-roosting bat to signal location. Biology Letters, 6(4), 441–444. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0964

Longru Jin, Siliu Yang, Rebecca T.Kimball, Lifen Xie, Xinke Yue, Bo Luo, … Jiang Feng. (2015). Do pups recognize maternal calls in pomona leaf-nosed bats, Hipposideros pomona? - ScienceDirect. Elsevier - Animal Behavior, 100, 200–207.