User:Swimmergirl56/sandbox

A. The Science of Energy i. Energy is simply having a ways to do work. Work is the task, and energy is what is needed to perform it. ii. The units of energy are joules (J) and are equal to 1 newton-meter. Energy can always be measured in Joules. iii. There are two forms of energy, Kinetic and Potential (these are broken down into more specific forms) a. Potential energy is energy that is waiting, or stored in a place because of the position or shape. A good example of potential energy would be a boulder on the edge of a cliff,                      the boulder has a lot of stored energy and if it was released, that would transform into kinetic energy. Gravitational Potential Energy is based on how high an object is, and the gravitational force on the object due to its weight. The boulder example is gravitational. The formula for this is: wieght * height = Potential Energy. Elastic Potential Energy is the potential energy of an object that is being stretched, or compressed. A good example of this is a guitar string that has been stretched back and about to be let go. Also, something bouncing, like a tennis ball compacting when it impacts the ground, then bounding back up. Chemical Potential Energy is the kind of energy which can be given off or taken in during a chemical reaction. Another interesting fact is that particles will move to the area of higher chemical potential energy. Electrical Potential Energy is the capacity of a charge emitting a force on another charge. Nuclear Potential Energy is the average amount of potential energy of protons and neutrons in a nucleus not counting the electrics. b. Kinetic Energy is the work itself. Mechanical Kinetic Energy is the energy associated by the position or motion of an object. Basically moving objects. Heat (thermal) Kinetic Energy is the total movement kinetic energy of all microscopic particles in an object. Electrical Kinetic Energy is simply the energy of an electrical charge. Electromagnetic Kinetic Energy is energy that travels through space creating waves of energy. Mechanical Wave is something that transfers energy through a medium. It propagates as an oscillation of matter.

B. Energy Resources i. Energy Resources a) Definition: Nonrenewable Energy Resources: Sources that are limited, and can only be replaced over a very long time period	   b) Examples:  oil, coal, natural gas, uranium (nuclear) c) Renewable Energy Resources: Energy Resources that can be replaced over a span of time.	  d)  Examples: solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass ii. Pros and Cons Comparison a) Renewable Pros:  We have the means to produce lots of renewable energy, by wind, solar, and all of the others.  It costs less, and the money that would be spent would be going to citizens of this country, not foreign oil moguls.  The harmful gases released during the process are much less than with coal, oil, and natural gas.  Jobs would also be created, helping the economy by a) creating jobs, and b) keeping the money we have in the U.S.A. and not in countries like Venezuela.            b)  Renewable Cons:  The chips needed to create solar panels release harmful toxins, and solar panel fields need space to stay, thus taking space from the natural habitat and taking animals homes. Also, the buildings necessary for the upkeep of the solar field also impacts the environment. Also, the number and size of solar fields would need to be huge, as well as those of the other types of energy. Also, on the topic of wind energy, they can cause erosion, and deaths of bird collisions. Geothermal power plant stations also cost more money than a other kind of energy, because of the cost for drilling. Dams cause problems in the flooded areas and the areas downstream. While renewable energy is less “dirty,” producing it is “dirty.” c) Non-renewable Pros:  The pros for nonrenewable energy sources are that it makes energy faster, and in larger quantities than some of the other, renewable source, and very often can produce it at a lower cost than that of renewable sources.         d)  Non-renewable Cons:  The cons are that the gases released when this energy is made is creating Global Warming, which is creating problems for the planet such as melting icebergs at the poles. Also, Americans spend lots of money each year on importing natural gas, and that is giving money and jobs to other countries, not our own. iii. Local vs. National vs. Global Energy Resources a) Local: Most of the local energy resources are renewable, such as dams, wind power, and solar power.  There are also coal, oil, and gas plants scattered across the country.  If we could make the dams, wind fields, solar fields, and geothermal areas in a great quantity, we could maybe power most of our local towns, cities, and places like that in a cleaner way.          b)  National resources tend to be more oriented towards nonrenewable sources, such as the ones named previously, because it costs less to produce, and produces more because of the quantity of the power plants. A dirtier way to get power, but it is more effective. iiiv. Partner country energy resources a) India Resources: Mostly coal, oil, and “combustible renewables.”                b) Uganda Resources:  Mostly oil, natural gas, and large hydroelectric potential c) Rwanda Resources:  Has potential in hydropower, solar, methane gas, and peat deposits.  But it has a biomass deficit, and has electricity deterioration in the production and distribution.               d)  Brazil Resources:  Oil, natural gas, and coal deposits, and has wind and solar potential. e) Tanzania Resources:  Coal, natural gas, and oil reserves, and solar and wind potential.

C. Energy Use i. Energy transformations (also known as “energy conversions”) a) Definition: when energy changes from one form to another a	b) Examples: Light bulbs convert electrical energy into thermal energy/electromagnetic energy, Lighting a match (series of steps)- 1. your muscles use chemical energy when your hand strikes the match against the matchbox 2. the friction between the match and matchbox transforms the kinetic energy to thermal energy 3. the thermal energy/electromagnetic energy is in the flame * As/when an object falls the gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy, because the object is in motion - Conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed

*Energy efficiency and conservation of energy are two different things* - The difference is that conservation of energy reduces energy use, but doesn’t have an alternate solution... Whereas, energy efficiency is also reducing energy use, but there is an               alternate solution/service. For example, when you turn off a light it is conservation of energy... But “energy saving light bulbs” are reducing energy use but they are still at your “disposable” and are EFFICIENT

ii. Energy efficiency a) Definition: energy efficiency is using less energy to provide the same amount of “service”       Examples: Energy saving light bulbs, solar powered lighting, etc.

iii. Combustion a) The most common form of combustion is fire. Another example of combustion is rusting; when metal rusts it is one of the most natural forms of combustion.	b) http://eo.ucar.edu/kids/green/cycles6.htm The Carbon Cycle has to do with carbon with is constantly on the move or in rotation. The same carbon atoms that may be in your body has been in countless other molecules on Earth. Examples: Wood is burned and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct, this byproduct then becomes a part of a plant through photosynthesis, then say you eat that plant the same carbon atoms become a part of you. The carbon cycle basically recycles carbon atoms from different atoms. If the carbon cycles is not working correctly it could cause major changes in life. c) http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/06/08/2012/what-is-a-flame.html	d) Equation for complete combustion: C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O e) Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of the difference in temperature. Heat transfer can be caused by collisions; collisions cause the transfer of thermal energy from hot to cold objects. Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy with no overall transfer of matter. (Occurs within a material or between materials that are touching) Conduction transfers thermal energy between atoms or ions. An example of collisions that cause the transfer of thermal energy. Convection is the transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move from one place to another. Another way that heat or thermal energy is transferred between objects. (Kind of similar to diffusion because there is a difference in density, so the hot air rises and intermingled with cooler air.) Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves moving through space. As an object’s temperature increases, so does the rate of radiation of energy. f) Combustion products and their effects	 1) Global Warming is one of the major effects/issues that combustion products cause. Most of the world burn fossil fuels, which releases the byproduct Carbon Dioxide (CO2). CO2 is a heat trapping gas that has lead to climate change on Earth or global warming. 2) Sometimes if there is not enough oxygen in things like stoves or furnaces it can cause incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion causes a deadly gas, carbon monoxide, to be produced. This deadly gas can be produced, inhaled, and absorbed by blood leading to deadly results. Another thing that can happen when incomplete combustion occurs is that tiny particles of carbon are produced. These particles of carbon can lead to lung and heart problems if inhaled. 	 3) Cook stoves that emit a huge amount of soot into homes have led to nearly 2 million deaths a year. There is also a huge amount of illness that is a result of these stoves, such as pneumonia, lung cancer, and pulmonary disease.

iv. Personal vs. national vs. global energy use Personal: My personal energy use comes from electricity (lights), propane/gas (heat), 	oil,         water, etc. National: The national energy use in the U.S. is very similar to my personal energy use, because I have access to the national energy use. Global: Global energy use differs from electricity, gas, oil, to no electricity, gas, oil, etc. Therefore, people in developing countries must use their resources and what they have at their disposal, which isn’t always healthy. For example, many people in these developing use fire for cooking, heat, and light. But, the people are breathing in the smoke that is produced... which leads to diseases/sicknesses.