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Overview of Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation
Fatty acid beta-oxidation is a multistep metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids in various tissues to generate energy. Fatty acids primarily enter a cell through fatty acid protein transporters present on the cell surface [1]. These transporters include fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), tissue-specific fatty acid transport proteins (FATP), and plasma membrane-bound fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) [1].

Once inside the cell, a CoA group is attached to the fatty acid by fatty acyl-CoA synthase (FACS), forming long-chain acyl-CoA. The long-chain acyl-CoA is then converted to long-chain acylcarnitine by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1). This conversion allows the fatty acid moiety to be transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane via carnitine translocase (CAT), which exchanges long-chain acylcarnitines for carnitine.

Inside the mitochondria, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) reconverts the long-chain acylcarnitine back into long-chain acyl-CoA. This long-chain acyl-CoA then enters the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway, which results in the production of one molecule of acetyl-CoA during each cycle of beta-oxidation. This acetyl-CoA then enters the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle).

Both the fatty acid beta-oxidation and the TCA cycle produce NADH and FADH2, which are used by the electron transport chain to generate ATP, the cellular energy currency. Figure 1 provides an overview of fatty acid oxidation.

Figure 1: Overview of Fatty Acid Oxidation
Fatty acid beta-oxidation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy. Fatty acids enter a cell primarily via fatty acid protein transporters on the cell surface. Once inside, FACS adds a CoA group to the fatty acid, forming long-chain acyl-CoA. CPT1 then converts the long-chain acyl-CoA to long-chain acylcarnitine, which is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane by CAT. Inside the mitochondria, CPT2 reconverts the long-chain acylcarnitine back to long-chain acyl-CoA. This long-chain acyl-CoA then enters the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Each cycle of beta-oxidation results in the production of one molecule of acetyl-CoA, which then enters the TCA cycle. Both beta-oxidation and the TCA cycle produce NADH and FADH2, which are used by the electron transport chain to generate ATP.