User:Takeyce/Black Arts Movement

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The Black Arts Movement (BAM) was an African American-led art movement that was active during the 1960s and 1970s. Through activism and art, BAM created new cultural institutions and conveyed a message of black pride. The movement expanded from the incredible accomplishments of artists of the Harlem Renaissance. BAM saw a proliferation of Black artist of all types; poets, theorists, playwrights, artists, dancers, and musicians who worked to promote a black aesthetic as a means to raise racial solidarity and "incite community activism against racist social and institutional practices in the United States and abroad."

Famously referred to by Larry Neal as the “aesthetic and spiritual sister of Black Power," BAM applied these same political ideas to art and literature. The movement resisted traditional Western influences and artists found new inspiration in their African heritage as a way to present the black experience in America. Artists like Aaron Douglas, Hale Woodruff, and Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller pioneered the movement with a distinctly modernist aesthetic . This style influenced the proliferation of African American art during the twentieth century.

The poet and playwright Amiri Baraka is widely recognized as the founder of BAM. In 1965, he established the Black Arts Repertory Theatre School (BART/S) in Harlem. Baraka's example inspired many others to create organizations across the United States. While many of these organizations were short-lived, their work has had a lasting influence. Some still exist, including the National Black Theatre, founded by Barabara Ann Teer in Harlem, NY.

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African Americans had always made valuable artistic contributions to American culture. However, due to brutalities of slavery and the systemic racism of Jim Crow, these contributions often went unrecognised. Despite continued oppression, African-American artists continued to create literature and art that would reflect their experiences. A high-point for these artists was the Harlem Renaissance—an era that spotlighted black people in all aspects of the arts, including music, dance, fashion, literature, theater, politics, scholarship, visual and performance arts.

Harlem Renaissance
There are many parallels that can be made between the Harlem Renaissance and the Black Arts Movement. The link is so strong, in fact, that some scholars refer to the Black Arts Movement era as the Second Renaissance. One sees this connection clearly when reading Langston Hughes's The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain (1926). Hughes's seminal essay advocates that black writers resist external attempts to control their art, arguing instead that the “truly great” black artist will be the one who can fully embrace and freely express his blackness.

Yet, the Harlem Renaissance lacked many of the radical political stances that defined BAM. Inevitably, the Renaissance, and many of its ideas, failed to survive the Great Depression.

Civil Rights Movement
During the Civil Rights era, activists paid more and more attention to the political uses of art. The contemporary work of those like James Baldwin and Chester Himes would show the possibility of creating a new 'black aesthetic'. A number of art groups were established during this period, such as the Umbra Poets and the Spiral Arts Alliance, which can be seen as precursors to BAM.

Civil Rights activists were also interested in creating black-owned media outlets, establishing journals (such as Freedomways, Black Dialogue, The Liberator , The Black Scholar and Soul Book) and publishing houses (such as Dudley Randall's Broadside Press and Third World Press.) It was through these channels that BAM would eventually spread its art, literature, and political messages.

Developments
In 1968, renowned Black theorist Barbara Ann Teer founded the National Black Theatre, located in Harlem, NY. Teer was an American writer, producer, teacher, actress and social visionary. Teer was an important black female intellectual, artist, and activist who contributed to the Black Arts Movement. Her theater was one of the first revenue generating Black theaters in the US. Teer’s art was politically and socially conscious and like many other contributors to the BAM, embraced African aesthetics, and rejected traditional theatrical notions of time and space. Teer's revolutionary and ritualistic dramas and plays blurred the lines between performers and audience, "encouraging all to use the performance event itself as an opportunity to bring about social change."

Notable individuals

 * Amiri Baraka (formerly LeRoi Jones)
 * Larry Neal
 * Nikki Giovanni
 * Maya Angelou
 * Gwendolyn Brooks
 * Haki R. Madhubuti (formerly Don Lee)
 * Sun Ra
 * Audre Lorde
 * James Baldwin
 * Hoyt W. Fuller
 * Ishmael Reed
 * Rosa Guy
 * Dudley Randall
 * Ed Bullins
 * David Henderson
 * Henry Dumas
 * Sonia Sanchez
 * Faith Ringgold
 * Ming Smith
 * Betye Saar
 * Cheryl Clarke
 * John Henrik Clarke
 * Jayne Cortez
 * Don Evans
 * Mari Evans
 * Sarah Webster Fabio
 * Wanda Coleman
 * Barbara Ann Teer
 * Askia M. Touré
 * Marvin X
 * Ossie Davis
 * June Jordan
 * Sarah E. Wright
 * Amina Baraka (formerly Sylvia Robinson)
 * Ellis Haizlip

Notable organisations

 * AfriCOBRA
 * Black Academy of Arts and Letters
 * Black Artists Group
 * Black Arts Repertory Theatre School
 * Black Dialogue
 * Black Emergency Cultural Coalition
 * Broadside Press
 * Freedomways
 * Harlem Writers Guild
 * National Black Theatre
 * Negro Digest
 * Organization of Black American Culture
 * Soul Book
 * Soul!
 * The Black Scholar
 * The Crusader
 * The Liberator
 * Uptown Writers Movement
 * Where We At