User:Talbot.chipman/sandbox

Week #11- More References to Add to Motivated Reasoning Article


 * 1) Barker, Eric. “How to Motivate Yourself: 3 Steps Backed By Science.” Time, Time, 30 June 2014, time.com/2933971/how-to-motivate-yourself-3-steps-backed-by-science/.
 * 2) Burkeman, Oliver. The Antidote: Happiness for People Who Can't Stand Positive Thinking. Vintage Digital, 2018.
 * 3) Flora, Carlin. “The Surprising Science Behind Earthshakingly Wonderful Friendships .” Barking Up the Wrong Tree, 2013, www.bakadesuyo.com/2013/12/carlin-flora/.
 * 4) Niven, David. The 100 Simple Secrets of Successful People: What Scientists Have Learned and How You Can Use It. HarperSanFrancisco, 2006.

Week #9 - Finalize References for Motivated Reasoning


 * 1) Epley, Nicholas, and Thomas Gilovich. 2016. "The Mechanics of Motivated Reasoning." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30 (3): 133-40
 * 2) Herrmann, R. (2017). How Attachments to the Nation Shape Beliefs About the World: A Theory of Motivated Reasoning. International Organization, 71(S1), S61-S84. doi:10.1017/S0020818316000382
 * 3) Kappes, Heather Barry, Emily Balcetis, and David De Cremer. 2018. “Motivated Reasoning during Recruitment.” Journal of Applied Psychology 103 (3): 270–80.
 * 4) Kraft, P. W., Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2015). Why People “Don’t Trust the Evidence”: Motivated Reasoning and Scientific Beliefs. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214554758
 * 5) West, R. F., Meserve, R. J., & Stanovich, K. E. (2012). Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 506-519.
 * 6) Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2005). Emotion, Behavior, and Conscious Experience: Once More without Feeling. In L. F. Barrett, P. M. Niedenthal, & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Emotion and consciousness. (pp. 335–362). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.uvu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2005-08637-014&site=ehost-live

Week #8 - Paragraphs chosen by Group (Free Thinkers) to improve

Talbot: Outcomes Paragraph

The outcomes of motivated reasoning derive from "a biased set of cognitive processes—that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion."

Research on motivated reasoning tested accuracy goals (i.e., reaching correct conclusions) and directional goals (i.e., reaching preferred conclusions). Factors such as these affect perceptions; and results confirm that motivated reasoning affects decision-making and estimates.

Caleb: Mechanisms;Goal orientated reasoning-last paragraph This theory of motivated reasoning is fully developed and tested in Lodge and Taber's The Rationalizing Voter (2013). David Redlawsk (2002) found that the timing of when disconfirming information was introduced played a role in determining bias. When subjects encountered incongruity during an information search, the automatic assimilation and update process was interrupted. This results in one of two outcomes: subjects may enhance attitude strength in a desire to support existing affect (resulting in degradation in decision quality and potential bias) or, subjects may counter-argue existing beliefs in an attempt to integrate the new data. This second outcome is consistent with the research on how processing occurs when one is tasked with accuracy goals.

--there is room to expand upon the quoted research conducted by Lodge and Taber's article, if in fact it does at all. Regardless, this area needs to either be fleshed out or cut--

As mentioned above the outcomes section needs a lot of work, because the outcomes are just as important as mechanisms.

Week #7 (Sources chosen by the Free Thinkers) :


 * 1) Braga, J. P. N., Mata, A., Ferreira, M. B., & Sherman, S. J. (2017). Motivated reasoning in the prediction of sports outcomes and the belief in the “hot hand.” Cognition & Emotion, 31(8), 1571–1580.
 * 2) Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2016). The Mechanics of Motivated Reasoning. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 133–140. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uvu.edu/10.1257/jep.30.3.133
 * 3) Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment & Decision Making, 8(4), 407–424. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.uvu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=90209836&site=eds-live  (Links to an external site.)
 * 4) Kruglanski, A. W., Jasko, K., Milyavsky, M., Chernikova, M., Webber, D., Pierro, A., & di Santo, D. (2018). Cognitive Consistency Theory in Social Psychology: A Paradigm Reconsidered. Psychological Inquiry, 29(2), 45–59.
 * 5) Ramirez-Arellano, A., Bory-Reyes, J., & Hernández-Simón, L. M. (2019). Emotions, Motivation, Cognitive–Metacognitive Strategies, and Behavior as Predictors of Learning Performance in Blended Learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(2), 491–512. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uvu.edu/10.1177/0735633117753935
 * 6) Roser, M.E., et al., (2015) Investigating Reasoning with Multiple Integrated Neuroscientific Methods. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 9(41). Located at: www.frontiersin.org (Links to an external site.)  doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00041

Week #6-7 Sources: (Individual)


 * 1) Braga, J. P. N., Mata, A., Ferreira, M. B., & Sherman, S. J. (2017). Motivated reasoning in the prediction of sports outcomes and the belief in the “hot hand.” Cognition & Emotion, 31(8), 1571–1580.
 * 2) Schellenberg, B. J. I., & Bailis, D. S. (2019). Passionately motivated reasoning: Biased processing of passion‐threatening messages. Journal of Personality, 87(3), 518–531.
 * 3) Thibodeau, P., Peebles, M. M., Grodner, D. J., & Durgin, F. H. (2015). The Wished-For Always Wins Until the Winner Was Inevitable All Along: Motivated Reasoning and Belief Bias Regulate Emotion During Elections. Political Psychology, 36(4), 431–448.
 * 4) Kappes, Heather Barry, Emily Balcetis, and David De Cremer. 2018. “Motivated Reasoning during Recruitment.” Journal of Applied Psychology 103 (3): 270–80.
 * 5) (2019). The Unwitting Accomplice: How Organizations Enable Motivated Reasoning and Self-Serving Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 157(3), 699–713.
 * 6) Camaj, L. (2019). From selective exposure to selective information processing: a motivated reasoning approach.
 * 7) Sood, A. M. (2013). Motivated Cognition in Legal Judgments-An Analytic Review. ANNUAL REVIEW OF LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, VOL 9, 9, 307–325.