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HI I AM TANAY TIWARI THIS PAGE IS ABOUT NUTRITION

NUTRITION (CARBOHYDRATES AND FATS ) Contents •	Introduction •	Types of nutrients •	Carbohydrates •	Fats and oils •	Proteins •	Minerals salts •	Water •	Vitamins

Introduction: The word nutrition is derived from the term nutrient which are the substances which an organism needs for his living. An organism obtains these nutrients from his surroundings and uses them as energy sources or for biosynthesis of body constituents. These nutrients help an organism to carry out his life proceedings. Nutrients are required for growth; repairing of worn-out or injured cells; provides energy to carry out various life functions; for maintaining the chemical compositions of cells; provides raw material for the manufacture of various secretions such as enzymes, hormones, sweat;  protects us various diseases and infections; etc. by an organism. We should have a balance diet which is a diet which includes food items which supply all the necessary nutrients. But if we don’t take this balanced diet then we would suffer from malnutrition. Malnutrition is the condition in which a person suffers due to lack or deficiency of one or more essential element of food.

Types of nutrients: Nutrients can be inorganic or organic in nature. The organic nutrients are carbohydrates, lipid, vitamins and proteins. Minerals and water are inorganic nutrients. Nutrients maybe of following two types depending upon the quantity and functions: 1.	Macronutrients: these nutrients mainly provide energy. For example: carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. 2.	Micronutrients: although they don’t provide energy but their deficiency causes specific diseases in animals including human. For example: minerals, vitamins and water.

Carbohydrates: These are compounds of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). These are classified as: a)	Monosaccharides (also called simple sugar). There general chemical formula is C6H12O6. These need no digestion and are directly absorbed by the body. They are of three types : i.	Glucose, popularly known as grape-sugar, is the most  common and simplest sugar found in organisms. (When we say blood sugar, then it means glucose level in blood). ii.	Fructose is common in plants and is popularly called fruit sugar. iii.	Galactose is another simple sugar found in milk.

b)	Disaccharides or double sugar have a general chemical formula C12H22O11.These are first converted to monosaccharides and are then absorbed by the body. They are also of 3 types : i.	Sucrose is our commercial sugar. It is commonly obtained from sugarcane in our country (India). It’s another source is sugar-beet. Sucrose is made up of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose. ii.	Maltose or malt sugar is made of two glucose molecules. iii.	Lactose or milk sugar is made up of glucose and galactose. c)	Polysaccharides : These are made up of ‘n’ numbers of monosaccharides. They require digestion for there absorption. Important polysaccharides are glycogen (in animals) and starch [(C6H10O5)n], cellulose (in plants). Fats and oils: These are mainly composed of fatty acids and glycerol. They are also composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen content in these nutrients is much less. They produce more energy than carbohydrates. Common food rich in fats are butter, cream, vegetable oils, fats of meats and fish liver oils. Functions of fats are as follows: a)	Fats produce energy in the body like carbohydrates produce. b)	It is an important storage form of food. c)	It serves as a solvent for fat soluble vitamins. d)	Fat under the skin prevents the rapid loss of heat from the body.

Proteins : Proteins are large and complex