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COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access, abbreviated as COVAX, is a worldwide initiative aimed at equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines directed by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, or GAVI), the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and the World Health Organization (WHO). It is one of the three pillars of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator, an initiative begun in April 2020 by the WHO, the European Commission, and the government of France as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. COVAX coordinates international resources to enable low-to-middle-income countries equitable access to COVID-19 tests, therapies, and vaccines. By 15 July 2020, 165 countries – representing 60% of the human population – had joined COVAX. However, as of 11 April 2021, COVAX is falling short of its goal, having delivered 38.5 million doses despite a goal of 100 million by the end of March.

Vaccine candidates

As of 9 May 2021, WHO approved Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna, Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV, Oxford–AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines for emergency use. These vaccinations can be distributed as part of COVAX.

Many of the countries that will benefit from COVAX have "limited regulatory capacity" and depend on WHO's authorisations. By early 2021, WHO was reviewing 11 potential COVID-19 vaccines for its Emergency Use Listing (EUL). The first vaccine WHO authorised for its EUL on 31 December 2020 was the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine—an RNA vaccine developed by BioNTech in cooperation with the American company Pfizer sold under the brand name Comirnaty.

The WHO stated in a press release on 24 August 2020 that COVAX had nine CEPI-supported vaccine candidates and nine candidates undergoing trials, giving it the largest selection of COVID-19 vaccinations in the world. By December 2020, COVAX had finalized negotiations with other manufacturers that gave it access to two billion vaccine doses.

No consistent nomenclature has been established for SARS-CoV-2. Colloquially, including by governments and news organizations, concerning variants are often referred to by the country in which they were first identified, but as of January 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) is working on "standard nomenclature for SARS-CoV-2 variants that does not reference a geographical location".

While there are many thousands of variants of SARS-CoV-2, subtypes of the virus can be put into larger groupings such as lineages or clades.[b] Three main, generally used nomenclatures have been proposed:

As of January 2021, GISAID – referring to SARS-CoV-2 as hCoV-19 – had identified eight global clades (S, O, L, V, G, GH, GR, and GV).

In 2017, Hadfield et al. announced Nextstrain, intended "for real-time tracking of pathogen evolution". Nextstrain has later been used for tracking SARS-CoV-2, identifying 11 major clades[c] (19A, 19B, and 20A–20I) as of January 2021.

In 2020, Rambaut et al. of the Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages (PANGOLIN) software team proposed in an article "a dynamic nomenclature for SARS-CoV-2 lineages that focuses on actively circulating virus lineages and those that spread to new locations"; as of February 2021, six major lineages (A, B, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.177, B.1.1.7) had been identified.

Each national public health institute may also institute its own nomenclature system for the purposes of tracking specific variants. For example, Public Health England designated each tracked variant by year, month and number in the format [YYYY] [MM]/[NN], prefixing 'VUI' or 'VOC' for a variant under investigation or a variant of concern respectively. This system has now been modified and now uses the format [YY] [MMM]-[NN], where the month is written out using a three-letter code.

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a commonly used analytical biochemistry assay, first described by Engvall and Perlmann in 1971. The assay uses a solid-phase type of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a ligand (commonly a protein) in a liquid sample using antibodies directed against the protein to be measured. ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, plant pathology, and biotechnology, as well as a quality control check in various industries.

In the most simple form of an ELISA, antigens from the sample to be tested are attached to a surface. Then, a matching antibody is applied over the surface so it can bind the antigen. This antibody is linked to an enzyme and then any unbound antibodies are removed. In the final step, a substance containing the enzyme's substrate is added. If there was binding the subsequent reaction produces a detectable signal, most commonly a color change.

Performing an ELISA involves at least one antibody with specificity for a particular antigen. The sample with an unknown amount of antigen is immobilized on a solid support (usually a polystyrene microtiter plate) either non-specifically (via adsorption to the surface) or specifically (via capture by another antibody specific to the same antigen, in a "sandwich" ELISA). After the antigen is immobilized, the detection antibody is added, forming a complex with the antigen. The detection antibody can be covalently linked to an enzyme or can itself be detected by a secondary antibody that is linked to an enzyme through bioconjugation. Between each step, the plate is typically washed with a mild detergent solution to remove any proteins or antibodies that are non-specifically bound. After the final wash step, the plate is developed by adding an enzymatic substrate to produce a visible signal, which indicates the quantity of antigen in the sample.

Of note, ELISA can perform other forms of ligand binding assays instead of strictly "immuno" assays, though the name carried the original "immuno" because of the common use and history of development of this method. The technique essentially requires any ligating reagent that can be immobilized on the solid phase along with a detection reagent that will bind specifically and use an enzyme to generate a signal that can be properly quantified. In between the washes, only the ligand and its specific binding counterparts remain specifically bound or "immunosorbed" by antigen-antibody interactions to the solid phase, while the nonspecific or unbound components are washed away. Unlike other spectrophotometric wet lab assay formats where the same reaction well (e.g., a cuvette) can be reused after washing, the ELISA plates have the reaction products immunosorbed on the solid phase, which is part of the plate, and so are not easily reusable.

Principle As an analytical biochemistry assay and a "wet lab" technique, ELISA involves detection of an analyte (i.e., the specific substance whose presence is being quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed) in a liquid sample by a method that continues to use liquid reagents during the analysis (i.e., controlled sequence of biochemical reactions that will generate a signal which can be easily quantified and interpreted as a measure of the amount of analyte in the sample) that stays liquid and remains inside a reaction chamber or well needed to keep the reactants contained. This is in contrast to "dry lab" techniques that use dry strips. Even if the sample is liquid (e.g., a measured small drop), the final detection step in "dry" analysis involves reading of a dried strip by methods such as reflectometry and does not need a reaction containment chamber to prevent spillover or mixing between samples.

As a heterogenous assay, ELISA separates some component of the analytical reaction mixture by adsorbing certain components onto a solid phase which is physically immobilized. In ELISA, a liquid sample is added onto a stationary solid phase with special binding properties and is followed by multiple liquid reagents that are sequentially added, incubated, and washed, followed by some optical change (e.g., color development by the product of an enzymatic reaction) in the final liquid in the well from which the quantity of the analyte is measured. The quantitative "reading" is usually based on detection of intensity of transmitted light by spectrophotometry, which involves quantitation of transmission of some specific wavelength of light through the liquid (as well as the transparent bottom of the well in the multiple-well plate format). The sensitivity of detection depends on amplification of the signal during the analytic reactions. Since enzyme reactions are very well known amplification processes, the signal is generated by enzymes which are linked to the detection reagents in fixed proportions to allow accurate quantification, and thus the name "enzyme-linked."

The analyte is also called the ligand because it will specifically bind or ligate to a detection reagent, thus ELISA falls under the bigger category of ligand binding assays. The ligand-specific binding reagent is "immobilized," i.e., usually coated and dried onto the transparent bottom and sometimes also side wall of a well (the stationary "solid phase"/"solid substrate" here as opposed to solid microparticle/beads that can be washed away), which is usually constructed as a multiple-well plate known as the "ELISA plate." Conventionally, like other forms of immunoassays, the specificity of antigen-antibody type reaction is used because it is easy to raise an antibody specifically against an antigen in bulk as a reagent. Alternatively, if the analyte itself is an antibody, its target antigen can be used as the binding reagent.

Wuppertaler Schwebebahn (Wuppertaler Schwebebahn) er en svævebane i Wuppertal, Tyskland.

Dens oprindelige navn er Einschienige Hängebahn System Eugen Langen (Eugen Langen Monorail Overhead Conveyor System). Det er den ældste elektriske højbane med hængevogne i verden og er et enestående system i Tyskland.

Anlægget med højbanestationer blev designet af Eugen Langen og først tilbudt til byerne Berlin, München og Breslau, som alle afslog det, og det blev bygget i Barmen, Elberfeld og Vohwinkel mellem 1897 og 1903; det første spor åbnede i 1901. Jernbanestrækningen er skyld i de oprindelige byers vækst og deres endelige sammenlægning til Wuppertal. Schwebebahn er stadig i brug som et normalt middel til lokal offentlig transport og transporterer ifølge årsberetningen for 2008 25 millioner passagerer årligt. Der blev bestilt nye togvogne i 2015, kaldet Generation 15, og den første nye vogn blev taget i brug i december 2016.

Schwebebahn kører på en strækning på 13,3 kilometer i en højde på ca. 12 meter over floden Wupper mellem Oberbarmen og Sonnborner Straße (10 kilometer eller 6,2 miles) og ca. 8 meter over dalvejen mellem Sonnborner Straße og Vohwinkel (3,3 kilometer eller 2,1 miles). På et sted krydser jernbanen motorvej A46. Hele turen tager ca. 30 minutter. Schwebebahn opererer inden for VRR-transportforeningen og accepterer billetter udstedt af VRR-selskaberne.

Eksterne henvisninger

 * WSW Mobility
 * Wuppertal at UrbanRail.net
 * The Monorail Society
 * 1903 Film of "The Flying Train"
 * Tim Travel about the Schwebebahn
 * gallery of the Schwebebahn

SAFEGE er en forkortelse for det franske konsortium Société Anonyme Française d' Etude de Gestion et d' Entreprises (på engelsk: French Limited Company for the Study of Management and Business) og udtales SAY-fij på engelsk.

Konsortiet, der består af 25 virksomheder, herunder dækproducenten Michelin og bilkoncernen Renault, er et konsulent- og ingeniørfirma. Det blev dannet i 1919 som Société Auxiliaire Française d'Électricité, Gaz et Eau, et holdingselskab med interesser inden for privat produktion og distribution af vand, gas og elektricitet. Da disse offentlige forsyningsvirksomheder i 1947 blev nationaliseret, blev selskabet det ingeniør- og konsulentfirma, som det er i dag, og fik navnet Société Anonyme Française d'Études, de Gestion et d'Entreprises.

I dag er selskabet et datterselskab af Suez Environnement og har specialiseret sig som konsulentfirma inden for vand- og miljøteknik, men ikke kun (købte IDC osv.). Det vigtigste marked er Frankrig med 60 % af omsætningen. Selskabet er også leder af flere konsortier, der modtager partier fra EF's FWC'er (6, 11 og medleder de 2).

Eksterne henvisninger

 * Monorail society: Technical Page - Safege. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
 * SAFEGE company Web site, in English
 * SAFEGE in Poland website

Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19-vaccinen med kodenavnet AZD1222, der bl.a. sælges under varemærkerne Covishield og Vaxzevria, er en viral vektorvaccine til forebyggelse af COVID-19. Vaccinen er udviklet af Oxford University og AstraZeneca og gives ved intramuskulær injektion med det modificerede chimpansee-adenovirus ChAdOx1 som vektor. Vaccinen har en effektivitet på 76,0 % ved forebyggelse af symptomatisk COVID-19 fra 22 dage efter den første dosis og 81,3 % efter den anden dosis.

Vaccinen har en god sikkerhedsprofil med bivirkninger, herunder smerter på injektionsstedet, hovedpine og kvalme, som alle generelt forsvinder inden for få dage. Sjældnere kan der forekomme anafylaksi (det britiske lægemiddel- og sundhedsstyrelsesagentur (MHRA) har 268 rapporter ud af ca. 21,2 mio. vaccinationer pr. 14. april 2021). I meget sjældne tilfælde (ca. 1 ud af 100 000 personer) er vaccinen blevet forbundet med en øget risiko for blodpropper i kombination med et lavt niveau af blodplader[27][28][29] Ifølge Det Europæiske Lægemiddelagentur er der pr. 4. april 2021 rapporteret 222 tilfælde af blodpropper fra Det Europæiske Økonomiske Samarbejdsområde og Det Forenede Kongerige, hvor ca. 34 mio. personer har fået vaccinen.

Den 30. december 2020 blev vaccinen første gang godkendt til brug i det britiske vaccinationsprogram, og den første vaccination uden for et forsøg blev givet den 4. januar 2021. Vaccinen er siden blevet godkendt af flere lægemiddelagenturer verden over, såsom Det Europæiske Lægemiddelagentur (EMA) og den australske Therapeutic Goods Administration, og den blev godkendt til en liste over nødanvendelse af Verdenssundhedsorganisationen (WHO)[34] Nogle lande har begrænset brugen af vaccinen til ældre mennesker med større risiko for alvorlig COVID-19-sygdom på grund af bekymring over de meget sjældne bivirkninger ved vaccinen hos yngre personer.

Eksterne henvisninger

 * 15px Wikiquote har citater relateret til: COVID-19-vaccine
 * COVID-19 vaccine tracker, Regulatory Focus
 * Biontech faktablad
 * Solidarity trial for vaccine candidates
 * Biontech faktablad
 * Solidarity trial for vaccine candidates
 * Biontech faktablad
 * Solidarity trial for vaccine candidates
 * Biontech faktablad
 * Solidarity trial for vaccine candidates

The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, codenamed AZD1222, and sold under the brand names Covishield and Vaxzevria among others, is a viral vector vaccine for prevention of COVID-19. Developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, it is given by intramuscular injection, using as a vector the modified chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1. The efficacy of the vaccine is 76.0% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 beginning at 22 days following the first dose and 81.3% after the second dose.

The vaccine has a good safety profile, with side effects including injection-site pain, headache, and nausea, all generally resolving within a few days. More rarely, anaphylaxis may occur (the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has 268 reports out of some 21.2 million vaccinations as of 14 April 2021). In very rare cases (around 1 in 100,000 people) the vaccine has been associated with an increased risk of blood clots in combination with low levels of blood platelets.[27][28][29] According to the European Medicines Agency as of 4 April 2021, 222 cases of blood clots have been reported from the European Economic Area and the UK, where around 34 million people have received the vaccine.

On 30 December 2020, the vaccine was first approved for use in the UK vaccination programme, and the first vaccination outside of a trial was administered on 4 January 2021. The vaccine has since been approved by several medicine agencies worldwide, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration, and was approved for an Emergency Use Listing by the World Health Organization (WHO).[34] Some countries have limited its use to elderly people at higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness due to concerns over the very rare side effects of the vaccine in younger individuals.

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