User:Tarkan tevetoglu/sandbox

this is done by vipin nair for any queries send a message to : nairv35@gmail.com There are a large number of sports that involve water. The following is a list of water sports, divided by category. These categories are based on the relation of the sports to the water. Some of the sports include only one part related to swimming, such as a triathlon. Contents [hide] • 1 In the water • 2 On the water • 3 Under water • 4 See also • 5 References [edit]In the water • Swimming, including pool swimming and open water swimming • Diving off springboards or off platforms • Modern pentathlon includes épée fencing, pistol shooting, swimming, a show jumping course on horseback, and cross country running • Rescue swimming is swimming with the goal to rescue other swimmers or the practice thereof. • Snorkeling is the practice of swimming at the surface (typically of the sea) being equipped with a mask, fins, and a short tube called a snorkel. • Synchronized diving • Synchronized swimming is a hybrid of swimming, gymnastics, and ballet. • Triathlon, a multi-sport event involving the completion of three continuous and sequential endurance events, usually a combination of swimming, cycling and running • Waboba is played with a waboba ball on beaches or in pools. • Water aerobics is aerobics in the water. • Water polo is a team sport played in water. [edit]On the water Main article: Surface water sports • Barefoot skiing is waterskiing with no skis • Boating is the use of boats • Boatracing is the use of powerboats to participate in races • Bodyboarding is similar to surfing, but the board is smaller and the person (normally) lies down on the board • Cable Skiing is similar to wakeboarding but with cables for artificial maneuvering • Canoeing • Fishing is the recreation and sport of catching fish • Flowboarding • Jet Skiing • Kayaking • Kiteboating • Kitesurfing on flat water using a kite for propulsion • Parasailing where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a parachute • Rafting • Rowing • Sailing using the wind for propulsion • Sit-down hydrofoiling is riding on the water with a hydrofoil attached to a ski • Skimboarding is a boardsport in which a board is used to ride on an incoming wave • Skurfing is where the participant "skurfs" behind a boat on a surfboard • Stand up paddle surfing a surf style board with a paddle, used in flatwater or waves • Surfing downhill on ocean waves or artificial waves in a wave pool • Wakeboarding is similar to water skiing, but using only one board attached to the feet • Wakeskating is similar to wakeboarding, but the board is not attached to the feet • Wakesurfing is a mix between wakeboarding and surfing • Waterskiing is using skis to slide over the water while being pulled by a boat or other device • White water rafting • Windsurfing on flat water using wind for propulsion in combination with sails • Yachting sailing on yachts, daysailing, cruising or Yacht racing [edit]Under water Main articles: Underwater sports and Recreational diving • Free-diving • Underwater hockey is hockey played under water with short wooden curved sticks and a heavy puck.Players wear diving masks, snorkels, and fins, and must surface to breathe while team mates continue the game on the pool bottom. • Underwater photography, including underwater videography, is photography done under water. Numerous contests worldwide are arranged every year. Digital cameras have revolutionized how many divers participate. • Underwater rugby is rugby played under water. Two teams try to score goals by sending a slightly negatively buoyant ball into the opponents' goal, which is situated on the bottom of the pool. • Sport Diving (competitive scuba) • Aquathlon (underwater wrestling) • Spearfishing • Finswimming • Underwater football

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Diving tower at the 2008 Euros

Highestgoverning body Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Characteristics

Categorization Aquatics Olympic Part of the Summer Olympic programme since 1904 Diving

Woman performing a "swallow dive", 1937

Swedish high diver Arvid Spangberg at the 1908 Olympic Games from the fourth Olympiad

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Competitive diving

A man dives into the Great South Bay ofLong Island Most diving competitions consist of three disciplines: 1 m and 3 m springboards, and the platform. Competitive athletes are divided by gender, and often by age group. In platform events, competitors are allowed to perform their dives on either the five, seven and a half (generally just called seven) or ten meter towers. In major diving meets, including the Olympic Games and the World Championships, platform diving is from the 10 meter height. Divers have to perform a set number of dives according to established requirements, including somersaults and twists. Divers are judged on whether and how well they completed all aspects of the dive, the conformance of their body to the requirements of the dive, and the amount of splash created by their entry to the water. A possible score out of ten is broken down into three points for the takeoff, three for the flight, and three for the entry, with one more available to give the judges flexibility. The raw score is multiplied by a difficulty factor, derived from the number and combination of movements attempted. The diver with the highest total score after a sequence of dives is declared the winner. [edit]Synchronized diving Synchronized diving was adopted as an Olympic sport in 2000. Two divers form a team and perform dives simultaneously. The dives are identical. It used to be possible to dive opposites but this is no longer part of competitive synchronized diving; it was called a pinwheel. For example, one diver would perform a forward dive and the other an inward dive in the same position, or one would do a reverse and the other a back movement. In these events, the diving would be judged both on the quality of execution and the synchronicity – in timing of take-off and entry, height and forward travel. [edit]Scoring the dive There are rules governing the scoring of a dive. Usually a score considers three elements of the dive: the approach, the flight, and the entry. The primary factors affecting the scoring are: • if a hand-stand is required, the length of time and quality of the hold • the height of the diver at the apex of the dive, with extra height resulting in a higher score • the distance of the diver from the diving apparatus throughout the dive (a diver must not be dangerously close, should not be too far away, but should ideally be within 2 feet (0.61 m) of the platform) • the properly defined body position of the diver according to the dive being performed, including pointed toes and feet touching at all times • the proper amounts of rotation and revolution upon completion of the dive and entry into the water • angle of entry – a diver should enter the water straight, without any angle. Many judges award divers for the amount of splash created by the diver on entry, with less splash resulting in a higher score. To reduce the subjectivity of scoring in major meets, panels of five or seven judges are assembled. If five judges then the highest and lowest scores are discarded and the middle three are summed and multiplied by the degree of difficulty (DD), which is determined from a combination of the moves undertaken, in which position and from what height). In major international events, there are seven judges in which case the highest and lowest scores are again discarded and the middle five are summed, then ratioed by 3⁄5, and multiplied by the DD, so as to provide consistent comparison with 5-judge events. Accordingly, it is extremely difficult for one judge to manipulate scores. This seven-judge procedure has been modified as of the 2012 London Olympics: rather than eliminating one high and one low award and then reducing the total by 3⁄5 as in previous international events, the two highest awards and the two lowest are disregarded, leaving three to be summed and multiplied by the difficulty rating. There is a general misconception about scoring and judging. In serious meets, the absolute score is somewhat meaningless. It is the relative score, not the absolute score that wins meets. Accordingly, good judging implies consistent scoring across the dives. Specifically, if a judge consistently gives low scores for all divers, or consistently gives high scores for the same divers, the judging will yield fair relative results and will cause divers to place in the correct order. However, absolute scores have significance to the individual divers. Besides the obvious instances of setting records, absolute scores are also used for rankings and qualifications for higher level meets. In synchronised diving events, there is a panel of seven, nine, or eleven judges; two or three to mark the execution of one diver, two or three to mark the execution of the other, and the remaining three or five to judge the synchronisation. The execution judges are positioned two on each side of the pool, and they score the diver which is nearer to them. The2012 London Olympics saw the first use of eleven judges. The score is computed similarly to the scores from other diving events, but has been modified starting with the 2012 London Olympics for the use of the larger judging panels. Each group of judges will have the highest and lowest scores dropped, leaving the middle score for each diver's execution and the three middle scores for synchronization. The total is then weighted by 3⁄5 and multiplied by the DD. The result is that the emphasis is on the synchronization of the divers. The synchronisation scores are based on:

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Dive positions During the flight of the dive, one of four positions is assumed: • straight – with no bend at the knees or hips (the hardest of the four) • pike – with knees straight but a tight bend at the hips (the median in difficulty of the three.) The open pike is a variant where the arms are reached to the side, and the legs are brought straight out with a bend in the hips. • tuck – body folded up in a tight ball, hands holding the shins and toes pointed.(the easiest of the three) • free – indicates a twisting dive, and a combination of other positions. In the transition between two positions the diver may for example bend their legs or curve at the waist, and points will not be deducted for doing so. These positions are referred to by the letters A, B, C and D respectively. Additionally, some dives can be started in a flying position. The body is kept straight with the arms extended to the side, and the regular dive position is assumed at about half the dive. Difficulty is rated according to the Degree of Difficulty of the dives. Some divers may find pike easier in a flip than tuck, and most find straight the easiest in a front/back dive, although it is still rated the most difficult because of the risk of overrotation.

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Yacht racing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Yacht racing is a form of sport reserved for sailing vessels of substantial size and weight. “Yacht” is referred to as deriving from either Norweigian ("jagt"), Middle Low German ("jaght") or from the Dutch word jacht, which means “a swift light vessel of war, commerce or pleasure. The sporting element in the word lies in the derivation of jaght from the root jaghen, which means to hunt, chase or pursue….”[1][2]The phrase yacht racing typically refers to racing of large and often expensive vessels crewed by professional sailors, as opposed to the more generic term sailboat racing which can include small vessels, dinghies and light craft. Contents [hide] • 1 History • 2 Rules & Ratings • 3 Races[11] • 4 See also ○ 4.1 Events • 5 Notes [edit] History Not to be confused with yachting, yacht racing's history began in 17th century England and is arguably demarcated by the establishment of the Royal Yacht Squadron in 1815. In 1661 John Evelyn recorded a competition between Katherine and Anne, two large royal sailing vessels both of English design, "…the wager 100-1; the race from Greenwich to Gravesend and back.” [3] One of the vessels was owned, and sometimes steered, by Charles II, the King of England. The king lost. In 1782 the Cumberland Fleet, a class of sailing vessel known for its ability to sail close to the wind, were painted racing up the Thames River with spectators viewing from a bridge.[4] Much like today, this obsession with sailing close to the wind with speed and efficiency fueled the racing community. Bringing yacht racing to the forefront of public life, the America’s Cup was first raced in 1851 between the New York Yacht Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron. Not ruled or regulated by measurement criteria as today, it is interesting to note the second place finisher was Aurora, “and but for the fact that time allowance had been waived for the race she would have been the winner by a handsome margin."[5] Subsequently, the Cup races were conducted, usually every 3–4 years, based on a challenge issued by one club to the current Cup holder, which till 1983 was the NYYC. [edit] Rules & Ratings As yacht racing became more prevalent, and yacht design more diverse, it was necessary to establish systems of measurements and time allowances due to the differences in boat design. Longer yachts are inherently faster than shorter ones; therefore, in the interests of fairness, in the 1820s a “primitive system of time allowance was introduced on the Solent.” [6] Larger yachts were handicapped; but owners with the biggest vessels had a problem with the allowance system, for they preferred that crossing the finish line first, much as in foot and horse races, should suffice to win the contest. As a result both ratings and “one-design” competition were developed. Ratings systems rely upon some formulaic analysis of usually very specific yacht-design parameters such as length, sail area, displacement, and hull shape. During the 1920s and through the 1970s the Cruising Club of America established a formula by which most racing/cruising boats were designed during that period. After its descendant, the mathematically complex International Offshore Rule (IOR) of the 1970s, contributed to much decreased seaworthiness (and even speed), the simpler Performance Handicap Racing Fleet (PHRF) [7] system was adopted. The PHRF uses only proven performance characteristics, especially theoretical sailing speed, as a means to allow dissimilar yachts—typically crewed by friends and families at clubs rather than by professional crews—to race together. Most popular family-oriented cruising sailboats will have a rating filed with a local chapter of the PHRF. The most prevalent handicap rating systems today are the ORC, ORR, IRC, and the PHRF.[8] One-design racing is conducted with classes of similar boats, all built—often via mass-production—to the same design, so that crew ability and tactical expertise are more likely to decide a race than boat type or even weather. Popular racing boats such as the J/22 and J/24, the Etchells, and the Star and New York 30 of Nathanael Herreshoff are examples of one-design boats. In general, modern yacht-racing contests are conducted according to the Racing Rules of Sailing,[9] first established in 1928.[10] Though complex, the RRS are intended primarily simply ensure fairness and safety. The Rules are revised and updated every four years by the International Sailing Federation. [edit] Races[11] The major races of today can be classified as offshore, ocean, around the world, and inshore racing all adhering to one set of rule, but diverse handicapping standards. Offshore: • Fastnet – established in 1924 with 7 boats, the race covers approximately 600 miles starting at Cowes on the Isle of Wight, rounding Fastnet rock on the southern coast of Ireland, and finishing at Plymouth. • Tour De France A La Voile – established in 1978 with 20 boats, the race parallels the cycling event and takes place along France's three coasts: English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean. It covers over 1000 miles. • Sydney-Hobart – established in 1945 the race runs from Sydney, Australia to Hobart, Tasmania covering over 600 miles. • Newport to Bermuda – started in 1923 the race runs from Newport, RI to Bermuda, a small island approximately 600 miles off the Georgia coast. • Chicago to Mackinac – founded in 1898 with five boats, the race runs from Chicago, IL to Mackinac Island on the northern tip of Michigan covering over 300 miles of freshwater racing. • Coastal Classic – starting in 1982 this race is New Zealand’s premiere fleet race. Covering about 125 miles, it is shorter than most offshore races and runs north from Auckland to Russell, which is at the northern tip of New Zealand’s North Island. • San Fernando – this race, started in 1975 with six yachts, runs a distance of 500 miles between Hong Kong and the Philippines. • The Governor's Cup – this race, started in 1996 with 15 yachts, runs a distance of 1700 miles between Simon's Town in South Africa and St. Helena Island in the South Atlantic. Ocean Classics: • Route Du Rhum – established in 1978 and starting in November, this race happens every four years. It is primarily a singlehanded race, but crewed boats do compete. It starts in France’s north coast running to Guadeloupe, a French Island in the Caribbean. The race covers about 3700 miles. • Mini Transat – started in 1977, this is a singlehanded race held every two years that crosses the Atlantic on a similar route as the Route Du Rhum. This race is broken up into two legs, the first going from France to the Canary Islands and the second to Guadeloupe Island in the Caribbean. • Osaka Cup – first held in 1987 the race runs from Melbourne to Osaka and is slated as a double hander, only two crew. Many different types of boats race this including tall ships. • Transpacific – one of the oldest races, the Transpac, as it is known, started in 1906 with only three boats. Originally the race was to take place between San Francisco and Ohahu, but the 1906 fire moved the starting line to San Pedro, CA. It is predominately a downwind race and covers 2225 miles. • South Atlantic – originally the Cape to Rio, it was established in 1971 with over 50 original entries. The race runs from Cape Town, South Africa to Rio de Janeiro covering 3600 miles. Around the World Races: • Volvo Ocean Race – formerly known as the Whitbread Round the World Race, it started in 1973/74. This race is one of the pinnacles of yacht racing, mostly professionally crewed. Originally a four leg race constituting 27,930 miles, it is now a nine leg race. • VELUX 5 Oceans Race – formerly known as the BOC Challenge and later the Around Alone, this race started in 1982 with 17 entries. It is a single-handed race around the world, originally with 4 legs but now with 3. • Global Challenge – this race was established in 1992/93 by Scottish sailing icon Sir Chay Blythe, the first person to sail around the world alone against the prevailing winds and currents. This is what makes this race unique, participants “beat” their way against the sea which makes for very uncomfortable, but safer, sailing conditions than sailing downwind. The race is sailed in one-design boats that are designed and built specifically for the race. The crews cannot be professional, and are made up of novice sailors who pay for a berth. • Vende Global Challenge – this race started November 26, 1989 with 13 entries. It is single handed, non-stop, without assistance race. The first race took 120 days, and only 7 finished. • Jules Verne Trophy – established in 1993 the race was designed to be a race against the clock, not other boats. Participants can start any time, have any design, any amount of crew, and the only two rules are: 1)start and finish at the Ile d’Ouessant, and 2) complete the journey under 80 days. • Clipper Round the World Yacht Race - established by Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, the first man to perform a single-handed non-stop circumnavigation of the globe, the first Clipper race took place in 1996. The race is sailed in a fleet of 10 one-design boats that are designed and built specifically for the race. Each yacht is crewed by a professional skipper and paying novice sailors. It is the longest yacht race, with multiple stopovers and taking 10 months to complete the circumnavigation. • Barcelona World Race – double-handed (two-crew) non-stop sailing around the world on IMOCA Open 60 yachts and organized by Fundació Navegació Oceànica Barcelona. Inshore Races: • The Admirals Cup – created in 1957 by the Admiral of the Royal Ocean Racing Club, it is raced every two years. This is a competition between countries who are allowed to send one team and three boats of a chosen one design class. • The America’s Cup – established in 1851, this is the oldest, and arguably the most prestigious, exclusive event in yacht racing. Participants are restricted to a measurement formula for the boats, and the rules concerning the same have been controversial ever since Australia II took the cup away from the U.S. with a secret winged keel. [edit] See also

Sailing portal • The America's Cup [edit] Events • v • t • e World Championships in Sailing

ISAF Sailing World Championships • 2003 • 2007 • 2011 • 2014 Centreboard classes • 470 • 49er • Europe • Finn • Laser • Laser 4.7 • Laser Radial Keelboat classes • Dragon • Elliott 6m • Soling • Star • Yngling • women's • open Multihull classes • Tornado Windsurfer classes • RS:X Yacht classes • Class 40 • Farr 30 • Farr 40 • Farr 45 • IMOCA 50 • IMOCA 60 • Sydney 40 • Swan 45 • TP52 • X-35 • X-41 • X-99 • International Sailing Federation • International Class

• v • t • e America's Cup

America's Cup • 1851 • 1870 • 1871 • 1876 • 1881 • 1885 • 1886 • 1887 • 1893 • 1895 • 1899 • 1901 • 1903 • 1920 • 1930 • 1934 • 1937 • 1958 • 1962 • 1964 • 1967 • 1970 • 1974 • 1977 • 1980 • 1983 • 1987 • 1988 • 1992 • 1995 • 2000 • 2003 • 2007 • 2010 • 2013 Challenger Selection Series • 1970 • 1974 • 1977 • 1980 • 1983 • 1987 • 1992 • 1995 • 2000 • 2003 • 2007 (Acts) • 2013 (World Series) Defender Selection Series • 1987 • 1992 • 1995 Class • J Class • 12-Metre • IACC (yachts, regattas) • AC45 • AC72 • see also: Deed of Gift • Yacht clubs • Wind • Herbert Pell Cup • Citizen Cup • Louis Vuitton Cup

• v • t • e Volvo Ocean Race • 1973–74 • 1977–78 • 1981–82 • 1985–86 • 1989–90 • 1993–94 • 1997–98 • 2001–02 • 2005–06 • 2008–09 • 2011–12 • 2014–15 • 2017–18 • v • t • e Sailing at the Asian Games

• 1970 • 1974 • 1978 • 1982 • 1986 • 1990 • 1994 • 1998 • 2002 • 2006 • 2010 • v • t • e Syndicates competing in the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup • +39 Challenge • Areva Challenge •  BMW Oracle Racing • China Team • Desafío Español •  Emirates Team New Zealand •  Luna Rossa Challenge • Mascalzone Latino-Capitalia Team • Team Shosholoza • United Internet Team Germany • Victory Challenge • v • t • e The Louis Vuitton Trophy (2009-2010)

Events • Nice • Auckland • La Maddalena • Middle East • Hong Kong Teams • Team New Zealand • BMW Oracle Racing • Team Artemis • ALL4ONE • Aleph Sailing Team • Team Synergy • Mascalzone Latino • Azzurra • Team Origin • Luna Rossa Challenge Related • Louis Vuitton Pacific Series • Louis Vuitton Acts See also IACC yachts regattas America's Cup Louis Vuitton Cup

• v • t • e International Sailing Federation Events

ISAF World Championships • ISAF Sailing World Championships • ISAF Youth Sailing World Championships • ISAF Team Racing World Championship • ISAF Offshore Team Racing World Championship • ISAF Open Match Racing World Championship • ISAF Women's Match World Championship ISAF Class World Olympic Classes	• Finn • 470	• 49er • Laser • Laser Radial • Star • RS:X Classes	• All Other Classes

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