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The Embryonics Project is a european research project developed in the late 90s whose aime is to create a bridge between biology and electronics, and in particular between the embryonic development of biological organisms and digital circuits, in order to design highly robust integrated circuits. Indeed, the name Embryonics itself is a contraction of the words embryonic and electronics. By adopting certain features of cellular organization, and by transposing them to the two-dimensional world of integrated circuits on silicon, it enables certain properties unique to the living world, such as self-replication and self-repair, to be applied to artificial objects (integrated circuits).

Objective and Strategy
The final objective of the Embryonics Project is the development of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits capable of self-repair and self-replication. Self-repair allows partial reconstruction in case of a minor fault, while self-replication allows complete reconstruction of the original device in case of a major fault. These two properties are particularly desirable for complex artificial systems in situations which require improved reliability, such as :


 * Applications which require very high levels of reliability, such as avionics or medical electronics.
 * Applications designed for hostile environments, such as space, where the increased radiation levels reduce the reliability of components.
 * Applications which exploit the latest technological advances, and notably the drastic device shrinking, low power supply levels, and increasing operating speeds, which accompany the technological evolution to deeper submicron levels and significantly reduce the noise margins and increase the soft-error rates.
 * Applications that will need to be executed flawlessly on highly-flawed substrates, such as the future nano-electronic devices, whose characteristics will be very close to those of living organisms.

These emerging needs require the development of a new design paradigm that supports efficient online testing and self-repair solutions. The Embryonics Project give some hints on how to implement online testing, self-repair, and self-replication using both hardware and software redundancy drawing inspiration from the architecture of living beings that share three fundamental features:


 * Multicellular organization, whereby the organism is divided in a finite number of cells, each realizing a single function.
 * Cellular division, seen as the process through which each cell achieves its duplication, copying its genome and splitting itself into two daugther cells.
 * Cellular differentiation, which defines the function to be realized in each cell, a specialization that essentially depends on the cell’s position within the organism and is obtained through the expression of a part of the genome.

These three properties illustrate the fact that, in a multicellular organism, each cell, which contains the whole of the organism’s genetic material, is "universal". Therefore, in the presence of a physical degradation, each living organism is potentially capable of self-repair through the self-replication of its cells.

Biological background
A human being consists of approximately 60 trillion (60x10^12) cells. At each instant, in each of these 60 trillion cells, the genome, a ribbon of 2 billion characters, is decoded to produce the proteins needed for the survival of the organism. This genome contains the ensemble of the genetic inheritance of the individual and, at the same time, the instructions for both the construction and the operation of the organism. The parallel execution of 60 trillion genomes in as many cells occurs ceaselessly from the conception to the death of the individual. Faults are rare and, in the majority of cases, successfully detected and repaired. This process is remarkable for its complexity and its precision. Moreover, it relies on completely discrete information: the structure of DNA (the chemical substrate of the genome) is a sequence of four bases, usually designated with the letters A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and T (thymine).

Electronics extension
Within the Embryonics project, the application of biological ontogenesis to the design of digital hardware has been studied for several years. Among what are the main contributions to the field of programmable electronics is a self-contained representation of a possible mapping between the world of multi-cellular organisms in biology and the world of digital hardware systems, based on four levels of complexity, ranging from the population of organisms to the molecule.

Within this mapping, an artificial organism is defined as a parallel array of cells, where each cell is a simple processor that contains the description of the operation of every other cell in the organism in the form of a program (the genome). For a given application, all cells are structurally identical and contain the same program (and can thus be seen as stem cells), but different parts of the program and of the structure are activated depending on the cell's position within the array, implementing cellular differentiation.

Moreover, the cells are application-specific, that is, they are structurally and fuctionally adapted to the application to be executed, again in keeping with the biological inspiration (a skin cell is physically different from a liver cell). To achieve this property, the cells are redefined as reconfigurable processing elements, realized by custom programmable logic circuits (FPGA) that fulfil the role of molecules in the system. Dedicated hardware within the FPGA implements special features, such as growth, adaptation, and self-repair, that are both highly unusual in computing devices and potentially useful in view of the latest technological advances.

Embryonics machines
An Embryonic machine is an electronic system conceived following the four levels of complexity defined above. It thus can exhibit some of the features enabled by such an architecture, such as growth, self-repair and self-replication. The design that, to date, best exploits the features of an embryonic machine is the BioWatch that exhibits growth and self-repair capabilities. This system, whose aim is to count hours, minutes and seconds, has been implemented on the BioWall, a bio-inspired computing surface made of several thousand FPGAs, touch sensors and LEDs displays.