User:Tbrownc1/sandbox

I. Introduction

 * A. Definition
 * B. Background or History
 * C. Current Information
 * 1. New scientific research or discoveries

III. Structural Consequences of Silent Mutations

 * A. Primary Structure
 * B. Secondary Structure
 * C. Teritary Structure
 * D. Quaternary Structure

IV. Silent Mutations and Disease

 * A. Psychological Disorders
 * B. Other Disorders or Diseases

VI. References and External Links
Tbrownc1 (talk) 02:36, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Silent Mutation References from Unit 5
Sauna ZE, Kimchi-Sarfaty C. Understanding the contribution of synonymous mutations to human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2011 Aug 31;12(10):683-91. doi: 10.1038/nrg3051. Review.
 * changes in protein expression, conformation and function
 * genetic variants in disease
 * genome-wide association studies

Czech A, Fedyunin I, Zhang G, Ignatova Z. Silent mutations in sight: co-variations in tRNA abundance as a key to unravel consequences of silent mutations. Mol Biosyst. 2010 Oct;6(10):1767-72. doi: 10.1039/c004796c. Epub 2010 Jul 9. Review.
 * synonymous substitutions and phenotypic variability
 * splicing accuracy
 * translation fidelity
 * protein conformation and function
 * tRNA isoacceptors

Additional References for Article
Spencer PS, Siller E, Anderson JF, Barral JM. Silent substitutions predictably alter translation elongation rates and protein folding efficiencies. J Mol Biol. 2012 Sep 21;422(3):328-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.010. Epub 2012 Jun 12.
 * codons translated at different speeds
 * codon correlation with protein structure and folding
 * degenerate genetic code

Castle JC. SNPs occur in regions with less genomic sequence conservation. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20660. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020660. Epub 2011 Jun 6.
 * SNPs
 * genomic sequence conservation
 * SNPs at different codon positions

References already used for article
Note: The following references are already listed and used for the stub article but may yield further useful details with further mining

1)Alberts (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland. pp. 264.

2)Komar (2006) SNPs, Silent But Not Invisible

3)Beckman (2006)The Sound of a Silent Mutation

4)Chao HK, Hsiao KJ, Su TS (2001). "A silent mutation induces exon skipping in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria". Hum Genet 108 (1): 14–9. doi:10.1007/s004390000435..

5)Montera M, Piaggio F, Marchese C, Gismondi V, Stella A, Resta N, Varesco L, Guanti G, Mareni C (2001). "A silent mutation in exon 14 of the APC gene is associated with exon skipping in a FAP family". J Med Genet 38 (12): 863–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.38.12.863. PMC 1734788. . Full text

6)Chava Kimchi-Sarfaty, Jung Mi Oh, In-Wha Kim, Zuben E. Sauna, Anna Maria Calcagno, Suresh V. Ambudkar, Michael M. Gottesman (2007). "A "Silent" Polymorphism in the MDR1 Gene Changes Substrate Specificity". Science 315 (5811): 525–528. doi:10.1126/science.1135308. . Abstract Summary Full Text

7)Chamary, J. V., and Laurence D. Hurst. "The price of silent mutations." Scientific American June 2009: 46-53. Print.

Potential Article Images
I found the image at the website below which I think nicely illustrates the concept of what a silent mutation is in relation to primary sequence and amino acid sequence.

http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch17/mutation_silent.html

Inline Citation Brief Paragraph Practice
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of aging that affects the cognitive ability of the brain. Amyloid plaques and tangles caused by hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain are known to be the main cause of this neurodegenerative disease. Immunotherapy using antibodies that are against amyloid beta is studied for therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Certain antibodies are known to reduce some symptoms of the disease. Primary causes of Alzheimer's are still being studied by researchers.

References:

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References: