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5 Year Plan of South Korea edits

Change from ISI to EOI

A change in policy from import substitution industrialization to export-oriented growth occurred throughout these five-year plans

1st 5 year plan

The first plan sought to expand electrical/coal energy industry, emphasizing importance on the infrastructure for establishing a solid foundation, agricultural productivity, export, neutralize balance of payments, and promote technological advancements.

These policies were established, along with further investments in education and other social resources, to shift the Korean economy further towards an export oriented one. As part of these shifts, the share of workers in agriculture steadily declined in exchange for more workers in manufacturing.

Korean economy observed a 7.8% growth, exceeding expectations, while GNP per capita grew from 83 to 125 US dollars.

1976 Plan

The HCI Plan designated 5 separate fields as "strategic fields": Electronics, Shipbuilding, Machinery, Petrochemicals, and Non-ferrous metals. Faced with escalating North Korean threats, a potentially uncertain ally in the United States, and the changing security arrangements regarding Okinawa, South Korean political leaders looked to use a heavy industry drive to lessen their military dependence on the United States and build up the Republic of Korea Armed Forces

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By the end of the second 5 year plan, South Korea was able to double its GNP per capita

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American economic aid failed in its goal of creating an industrial base in South Korea largely thanks to corruption. While the South Koreans did not starve and were able to keep up with national defense, most of the aid was misappropriated for private use. This created a small class of wealthy Koreans at the expense of the majority of the country, generating resentment. Despite this widespread corruption however, the Syngman Rhee administration had managed to use some U.S. aid to develop the countries education system, transportation infrastructure, and communications infrastructure. This investment resulted in the South Korean population being well educated by the time of the Park Chung-hee regime took over, with the infrastructure in place for rapid economic growth President of Italy edits:

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The number of rounds to elect President of Italy has often been large

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In practice, the President's office is mostly—though not entirely—ceremonial. The Constitution provides that nearly all presidential acts must be countersigned by a member of the government (either the Prime Minister or an individual minister) as most presidential acts are only formal and real political responsibility is upon the government. Many of the others are duties that he is required to perform. However, pardons and commutations have been recognized as autonomous powers of the President.

Despite the seemingly ceremonial nature of the position the President's role still has important implications. His ability to send a piece of legislation back to Parliament is not taken lightly by legislators, who are unlikely to ignore it unless the legislation is critical. Moreover, in times of political instability the President has significant leeway in appointing Prime Ministers, such as when President Scalfaro appointed Lamberto Dini as Prime Minister against the wishes of outgoing Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, or when President Napolitano appointed Enrico Letta in 2013.

This leeway extends even further to cabinet appointments, as in 2018 when President Matarella blocked the appointment of Paolo Savona on the grounds that his Euroskeptic behavior would endanger Italy's relationship with the EU and that the President's role as constitutional guarantor required him to stop that from happening