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Bibliography Aerobic Conditoning

Stone, & Kilding, A. E. (2009). Aerobic Conditioning for Team Sport Athletes. Sports Medicine (Auckland), 39(8), 615–642. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939080-00002

Important parts of this article
 * Good source about the need for aerobic conditioning for sports athletes

- In which cases would we use aerobic conditioning? To meet physical demands of team sport competition.

Aerobic conditioning benefits to the individual are variable and depend on circumstances such as exercise intensity, duration of training, frequency and initial fitness level of the individual. (Page 8, fix last bit of the sentence).

Central adaptations improve when at intensities slightly below lactate threshold, resulting in an improvement of the heart's ability to pump blood. Thus increasing cardiac output due to an increased stroke volume and left ventricular mass. (Page 8, Check)

High-intensity activities in team-sports are performed more efficiently when athletes undergo aerobic conditioning, as they will be able to effectively deliver blood and oxygen to tissues.

A stronger heart does not pump more blood by beating faster but by beating more efficiently, primarily by having an increased stroke volume and left ventricular mass.

Nedelec, Parry, I., Acharya, H., Benavides, L., Bills, S., Bucher, J. L., Cheal, J., Chouinard, A., Crump, D., Duch, S., Godleski, M., Guenther, J., Knox, C., LaBonte, E., Lorello, D., Lucio, J. X., Macdonald, L. E., Kemp-Offenberg, J., Osborne, C., … Kloda, L. A. (2016). Practice Guidelines for Cardiovascular Fitness and Strengthening Exercise Prescription After Burn Injury. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 37(6), e539–e558. https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0000000000000282

Aerobic conditioning rehabilitation programs can be employed with burn victims (moderate to severe, > 40% BSA) to who have diminished strength or cardiovascular endurance after experiencing their injury. Psilocybin Facilitators
 * Systematic Review showing that aerobic conditioning is found to beneficial for burn survivors who have lost strength after being injured

As of January 1, 2023, psilocybin services facilitator training is available for individuals living in Oregon who that are 21 and older. A psilocybin facilitator is someone who guides a client through a psilocybin experience which can be described by a client as “psychedelic therapy.” Sessions run by Oregon-licensed psilocybin facilitators must take a regulated facilitator course that takes 120 hours to complete and is currently available to only Oregon residents. Licensed facilitators do not require medical training, with a high school diploma being the only requirement. Psilocybin facilitated services do not need to include professional counselling or psychotherapy that would normally be included in a therapy session ran by a mental healthcare professional. These sessions must be administered at a licensed facilitation center and include three components, which include a preparatory session, the medicine session, and a period after the medicine session to speak with the facilitator about the experience and for the facilitator to answer any questions. As of March 2023, there are currently graduates who can practice as licensed facilitators, however, no licensed service centers are yet operating.

Depression
Kisely, Steve, et al. “A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Psilocybin and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Mental, Behavioural or Developmental Disorders.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 3, 2023, pp. 362–78, https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221083868.

Psilocybin equally as effective as escitalopram in long-standing depression for the primary study outcome

Kisely, Steve, et al. “A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Psilocybin and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Mental, Behavioural or Developmental Disorders.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 3, 2023, pp. 362–78, https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221083868.

Evidence continues to grow supporting the use of psychedelic therapy to treat depressive symptoms in combination with psychological support, with the bulk of the evidence supporting psilocybin. The largest psilocybin randomly controlled clinical trial to date was performed in 2022, with significant short and long-term reduction of depressive symptoms when undergoing quantitative meta-analysis.

Strongest evidence for psilocybin

Kisely, Steve, et al. “A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Psilocybin and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Mental, Behavioural or Developmental Disorders.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 3, 2023, pp. 362–78, https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221083868.

Evidence of MDMA efficacy in PTSD

PTSD
Smith, Kimberly W., et al. “MDMA‐Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis.” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 62, no. 4, 2022, pp. 463–71, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1995.

Evidence shows that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy versus control shows clinically significant improvement in CAPS (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) scores from baseline, with more patients no longer meeting the CAPS score for PTSD. Effects of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy can be observed up to 12 months after receiving 2-3 active sessions of moderate to high dose MDMA (75-125 MG).

Terminal Illness:
Boston, Patricia, et al. “Existential Suffering in the Palliative Care Setting: An Integrated Literature Review.” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 41, no. 3, 2011, pp. 604–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.05.010 Schimmel, Nina, et al. “Psychedelics for the Treatment of Depression, Anxiety, and Existential Distress in Patients with a Terminal Illness: a Systematic Review.” Psychopharmacology, vol. 239, no. 1, 2022, pp. 15–33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y.

Evidence is growing for the use of atypical psychedelics such as ketamine for treating depression in terminally ill patients, with repeated IV administration having the most therapeutic effect. These studies did not have any patients experience any serious adverse effects; however, ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis is a concern for repeated long-term administration. Qualitative studies are required to better understand the mechanism and thought process changes that lead to therapeutic outcomes.

Adverse effects when using classical psychedelics (LSD and psilocybin) for end-of-life treatment are short-term which include anxiety, nausea and psychological discomfort.

Bauereiß, N., Obermaier, S., Özünal, S. E., & Baumeister, H. (2018). Effects of existential interventions on spiritual, psychological, and physical well-being in adult patients with cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psycho-oncology, 27(11), 2531–2545. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4829

Add as reference to paragraph 2

Substance Misuse
Sharma, Raman, et al. “Psychedelic Treatments for Substance Use Disorder and Substance Misuse: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. ahead-of-print, no. ahead-of-print, 2023, pp. 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2190319.

Mosca, A., Chiappini, S., Miuli, A., Mancusi, G., Santovito, M. C., Carlo, F. D., Pettorruso, M., Corkery, J. M., Canessa, C., Martinotti, G., & Giannantonio, M. D. (2022). Ibogaine/Noribogaine in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: a Systematic Review of the Current Literature. Current neuropharmacology, 10.2174/1570159X21666221017085612. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X21666221017085612

A recent systematic review completed in 2023 containing studies from the past decade, looked at the ability of psychedelic therapy in combination with psychotherapy to help reduce substance use, cravings and abstinence of addictions including alcohol, cocaine, opioids and nicotine misuse. Studies commonly reported reductions in substance misuse, however, the quality of evidence is too low to make draw solid conclusions on the efficacy of psychedelic treatments for substance misuse.

dos Santos, Rafael G., et al. “The Antiaddictive Effects of Ibogaine: A Systematic Literature Review of Human Studies.” Journal of Psychedelic Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2017, pp. 20–28, https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.01.2016.001. (add citation after toxic adverse events).

Litjens, Ruud P. W., and Tibor M. Brunt. “How Toxic Is Ibogaine?” Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), vol. 54, no. 4, 2016, pp. 297–302, https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2016.1138226. (add citation after medical emergency).

In 2022 a systematic review was published on the efficacy of ibogaine/noribogaine, an indole alkaloid with “anti-addictive” properties, to treat substance use disorders looking at studies up to December 2020.

Köck, Patrick, et al. “A Systematic Literature Review of Clinical Trials and Therapeutic Applications of Ibogaine.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, vol. 138, 2022, pp. 108717–108717, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717.

Oral ingestion of ibogaine leads to an intense psychedelic experience with effects lasting up to 72 hours that lead participants to insights that may change the way they view life and their ways of thinking, however, the mechanism of how this drug works to reduce substance use is not yet understood. Evidence suggests that ibogaine does have some reduction on opioid and cocaine misuse, but more well designed, larger RCT’s are required to fully understand the therapeutic benefits.

Significant adverse reactions including cardiotoxicity, QT prolongation, ataxia, psychosis, and several fatalities were reported due to toxic adverse events. Analysis of the fatalities concluded that patients with cardiac comorbidities and that are taking other medications are at higher risk of a medical emergency.

Safety
Breeksema, J. J., Kuin, B. W., Kamphuis, J., van den Brink, W., Vermetten, E., & Schoevers, R. A. (2022). Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: A mixed-methods systematic review. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 36(10), 1100–1117. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221116926

No LSD complications to date, only transient adverse effects.

Suicidality
Zeifman, Richard J., et al. “Decreases in Suicidality Following Psychedelic Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data Across Clinical Trials.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 83, no. 2, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.21r14057.

The first meta-analysis assessing suicidality with psychedelic therapy in 2022 and found that reductions in suicidality scores can be observed immediately after administration of ayahuasca and psilocybin and can be observed up to 6 months after administration. The studies included in the meta-analysis are limited by the fact that the focus of the studies included in the meta-analysis were not focused on suicidality, further studies are required to better understand the potential mechanisms of change caused by psychedelic therapy.

Classic Psychedelic Therapy Methodology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592297/pdf/1871054.pdf

Reiff, Collin M., et al. “Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.” The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 177, no. 5, 2020, pp. 391–410, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035.

Passie, T., Guss, J., & Krähenmann, R. (2022). Lower-dose psycholytic therapy - A neglected approach. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 1020505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1020505