User:Teamorchidvirus/sandbox/Cymbidium mosaic virus

Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Flexiviridae.

It and the Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) are two of the most common viruses affecting cultivated orchids worldwide. Infected plants can have less desirable flowers or other problems, causing significant financial losses to orchid growers. The virus has not often been reported in wild orchid populations. It can be found in a wide variety of orchid genera but does not infect plants other than orchids.

Once an orchid is infected, the virus spreads throughout the infected plant in a number of weeks. Control measures may include sanitizing pruning equipment between plants. There is an ELISA test available to test for presence of the virus.

It is related to the Narcissus mosaic virus (NMV), the Scallion virus X (SVX), the Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and the Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV).

Importance
Orchids are composed of nearly 200,000 species of plants with attractive  flowers. They are predominantly found in wet climates. The orchid family is one of the most important plant families  in respect to the ornamental flower industry. In 2005, the potted orchid industry brought in about $144 million in the United States. This makes them the second most valuable potted plant in the nation. From 1996 to 2006 there has been a 206.4% increase in potted orchid prices. Globally, Taiwan, Taipei, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Brazil, and New Zealand are among the largest importers of of potted orchids. Additionally, orchids are the source of vanilla. It is the only commercially important derivation from the plants - most commonly found in the Vanilla planifolia species. Certain orchids are also used in homeopathic treatments.

Signs and Symptoms
CymMV affects plants by producing a discoloration on the leaves through chlorosis and necrosis of the foliage. Sometimes the orchids may display chlorotic rings while others will display symptoms in lesions. Sunken patches can also be observed on leaves. Additionally, the virus stunts the growth of orchids both through size reduction as well as lowering flower yield. CymMV has also been linked to cases of breakage in flower coloration as well as blossom necrosis. This is especially important because this causes the commercial value of the plants to be greatly reduced. Lastly, certain infected plants may be symptom-less but are still viral enough to infect other neighboring plants.

Viral Cycle
The Cymbidium mosaic virus starts out by infecting the host through a wound on the plant. Generally this wound occurs through plant propagation using contaminated cutting tools. Once inside the orchid, the virion begins encoding five open reading frames. The first open frame is the 5’ SL 1 RNA stem loop of the host, where the virion uncoats, binds its coat protein to the host RNA and begins incorporating its RNA into it. This allows for the host cell to begin producing virus particles. The virus begins spreading cell-to-cell and infects the next three open reading frames which are: TGB 1, TGB 2, and TGB 3. When the virion’s coat protein infects the TGB 1 opening up the mouth of the plasmodesmata, it allows for more virions to pass through the opening. TGB 2 and TGB 3 sites also get infected by the virion and allows for the virus to begin passing through the host cell’s endoplasmic reticulum. With the virus being able to freely move through the host, virion assembly and disassembly begins at the TGB 1 site. At this stage, the monopartite, positive, sRNA from the virion connects its 3’ tail with that of the host’s 5’ RNA. From here translation occurs, and it begins disassembling from the 5’ end of the virion. With more of the virions circulating throughout the host, it only takes another wound from a cutting tool to begin infecting another orchid.

Environment
In captivity, the virus is spread mechanically if tools used in cultivation are not properly sanitized. The virus exists systemically within the plant, and persists in sap that can be spread by such methods. In the wild, the virus is most likely spread by insect vectors. A different orchid virus, the orchid fleck virus, may be transmitted by the Brevipalpus mite. There is also evidence that cockroaches are able to transmit CymMV.

Management
There is no way to cure a plant that has the virus. The virus can be detected with ELISA, immunodiffusion tests, or a nucleic acid hybridization assay. The best management solution is to prevent the spread of disease. This is accomplished through effective disinfection of tools used in cultivation, including any plastic containers and razor blades. Autoclaving, flaming, and chemical treatment with trisodium phosphate and bleach solution are traditional methods for disinfection. The use of Streptomyces culture filtrate, which has also been shown to disinfect mad cow disease-causing prions, is another promising disinfectant. This method is shown to be effective in removing the virus from various tools, human nails, and orchid seeds. Another possible management strategy is development of plant resistance. An attempt to transform a mutant CymMV movement protein gene into Dendrobium orchids was slightly successful; the success of transformations actually conferring resistance appears to be related to a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism.