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Mental Health in Children and Adolescents
Around two thirds of children and adolescents who have depression are also affected by another mental health disorder, such as anxiety (Davis, ​2005).​ Anxiety can present itself in numerous different ways in children and adolescents. This could be through obvious physical symptoms such as panic attacks, stomach aches, headaches and hyperventilation. It could also be recognized through children not being able to sleep or having issues with separation for example (Glasofer, 2019).
 * Anxiety

During the last 20 years there has been much more of a recognition towards childhood depression ​(Davis, 2005) and to the increase in child and adolescent mental health issues (Langley ​et al. 2017). Research indicates that there is an increased risk in children and adolescents experiencing depression (Garber, 2006). If so, it’s very unlikely that only one risk factor will explain the ​development of depression (Garber, 2006). Different risk factors include having a parent or a family history of depression or experiencing stressful life events e.g divorce, poverty, and also having experienced bullying or abuse, whether it’s physical, emotional or sexual. Depression in childhood can negatively affect a child’s academic performance, as well as their social and cognitive development and it could possibly hinder their ​success as an adult (Davis, 2005).
 * Depression

Schizophrenia is a severe and uncommon mental health disorder which can be found mostly in adults but also in children and adolescents.​ Schizophrenia in children involves having problems with cognition, emotion and behaviors (Kendhari, Shankar & Young-Walker, 2016). It also involves the abnormal interpretation of reality (Ritsner, 2011). ​Early onset schizophrenia is defined as being before 18 years of age and childhood-onset schizophrenia is defined as before the age of 13, which can be much more difficult to diagnose (DSM-5, 2013). ​The diagnosis for childhood and adolescent schizophrenia in the DSM-5 is the same as what it would be to diagnose an adult (McClellan, 2013). This includes two or more symptoms of; delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behavior and also disorganized speech (DSM-5, 2013).
 * Childhood Schizophrenia

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder which involves self-starvation. In children and adolescents it involves having a distorted body image. They think they weigh too much and therefore restrict their diet. There are two types of anorexia. The first is the restricting type, where a young person would limit what they eat drastically. The second type of anorexia involves purging and binging and is called Bulimia. Children and adolescents who may be suffering from bulimia would eat too much food and then force themselves to throw it back up. They may also be inclined to take laxatives.
 * Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa

Interventions
Therapeutic interventions may usually include family therapy, parent work and working on the individual to encourage children and young people to understand their feelings. This is usually implemented in tier 2-4 of CAMHS (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services) interventions. Interventions for children and young people used across all tiers tend to expressive, creative and informal. These types of interventions include parenting interventions, mentoring, drama or art therapy, narrative therapy, animal-assisted therapy and wilderness or adventure-based therapy (Burton, Pavord & Williams, 2014).
 * Therapeutic Interventions

There are four theoretical models of counselling and psychotherapy which are considered the four main models, these include psychodynamic, humanistic, systemic and behavioral. Commonly therapists and counselors will undertake training of a model to integrate aspects of all four models, which seems to be a useful approach in encompassing the different aspects of all four approaches that would be beneficial to the needs of the individual. Therapeutic work with children and young people will often involve this type of approach, rarely involving only one intervention, which is usually alongside parent or family work also (Burton, Pavord & Williams, 2014).
 * Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Counselling

The roots of the psychodynamic approach originates from the work of Sigmund Freud, although other important figures have used his work and taken it into different directions. Therapists who work with the psychodynamic approach are concerned with beliefs, feelings, memories and fantasies. Children find it difficult to verbalize their anxieties and major figures have agreed that children may express themselves freely the most through the medium of play (Landreth, 2002). Child psychotherapy looks at their internal reality (the beliefs, feelings, memories etc.) and assesses the impact of this on their external world. This is done through observation of relationships in the therapy room and also close observation of their play. There is much importance that is placed on the way that the child relates to the therapist through the feelings that are presented. These are unconscious feelings that are transferred from the important feelings in the child's life. The child relates to their therapist and the therapists uses these feelings in order to create an environment that the child may be able to use with experimenting new ways to relate (Hopper, 2006). Types of psychodynamic approaches include parent-infant psychotherapy, the under-fives model, play therapy and the systemic approach.
 * Psychodynamic Approaches

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), is one of the most common and widely used approaches used for children, adolescents and adults in a mental health setting. It is a therapy influenced by behavior and cognitive therapy and CBT for children and young people will encompass both of these (Fuggle et al., 2013). The approach of CBT is based on the idea that what we do and how we feel is a response to the way we think. Therefore CBT therapists will inspire children and young people to become much more aware of how their thinking actually affects their feelings and also their behavior. The therapist will attempt to show them how they can identify distorted and irrational thoughts and replace these with more evidence-based and accurate thoughts (Neenan and Dryden, 2006). CBT sessions will usually last between 30 to 60 minutes each (Fuggle et al., 2013).
 * Behavioral Approaches

Psychopharmacology incorporates the use of drugs that influence psychological states. These drugs will bring about changes in an individuals mood, thinking and behavior. They are used to alleviate symptoms in the treatment of mental health issues. The psychopharmacological interventions are medical models which are used in CAMHS along with psychological interventions and talking therapy. The most common medicines that are prescribed by CAMHS methylphenidate, which is used for ADHD. SSRI's (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) are prescribed for depression and anxiolytics are are used to manage anxiety (Dogra et al., 2009). For aggressive behaviors and conduct disorder, anti-psychotics are sometimes prescribed (Loy, et al., 2012).
 * Psychopharmacological Interventions

Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic
The Covid-19 pandemic is a global ongoing pandemic which reached the UK in late January of 2020. One thing that the pandemic caused for many people is fear, panic and anxiety (Franic & Dodig-Curkovic, 2020). For those who have pre-existing mental health issues, this would exacerbate these feelings and symptoms they would exhibit. During the pandemic, mental health issues were increasingly difficult to address, which may have had devastating consequences (Ransing et al, 2020). Moving forward, to increase the implementation of mental health interventions to those who need it during such a time, and to be equipped for future situations a framework can be provided. Sixteen psychiatrist devised a framework in order to guide the implementation and evaluation of the interventions during the pandemic (Ransing et al, 2020). The framework encompasses an "emotional epidemic curve" which aims to to offer a sense of preparedness in terms of tackling mental health problems, especially in children and adolescents, during such unprecedented times (Ransing et al, 2020). During times where receiving support for mental health issues was increasingly difficult, there were ways which children and young people could reach out and acquire support. Young Minds is a charity that aims to provide young people with information and advice. They also support parents and careers, in being able to support their children. This is a charity that is not a part of CAMHS. Their website is full of useful information relating to mental health issues and they also have advice and quality support for parents, in order for them to be able to support their children, who may be suffering from mental health issues (Young Minds, 2021).