User:Tempac3/sandbox

Ancient inventions
''Inventions which originated on the territory of the Russian Plain, Northern Russia, North Caucasus and Siberia from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age. This section also includes earliest known instances of things that rarely survive archaeological record.''
 * Wheel(middle of the 4th millennium BC)
 * The question of which culture originally invented the wheeled vehicle remains unresolved and under debate. Some archaeologists attribute it to the Maykop culture of North Caucasus.


 * Chariot (approximately 2000 BC)
 * The earliest fully developed true chariots known are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan.


 * Distaff (beginning of the 2nd millennium BC)
 * Parts of a distaff and ceramics with linum textile prints have been discovered during an excavation of a settlement on Modlona river in Vologda region.


 * Trousers (Upper Paleolithic)
 * There is some evidence of trousers being worn in the Upper Paleolithic. An example are the figurines found at the Siberian sites of Mal'ta and Buret'. A discovery of human remains with fur-pants was made near Vladimir, dating to around 20,000 years ago.


 * Wooden bridge (middle of the 6th millenium BC)
 * The discovery was made near Zabolotskoye Lake in Sergiyevo-Posadsky district. It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier. The construction was created from birch logs with stone axes around 7500 years ago. The oldest presently-known wooden bridge was built around 6000 years ago in Switzerland.


 * Composite bow (around 3rd–2nd millennium BC)
 * Composite bows may have been invented by the nomads of the Asiatic steppe, who may have based it on Northern Asian laminated bows. There are arrowheads from the burials at Krivoye Lake (part of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture) about 2100–1700 BCE, but the bow that shot them has not survived. The final form of a composite bow known as the Scythian bow was developed by the Cimmerians of North Caucasus in the 9th century BC.


 * Wooden sculpture (middle of the 8th millennium BC)
 * The world's oldest-known wooden sculpture is the Shigir Idol made during the Mesolithic period. The idol was discovered in 1894 approximately 100 km from Yekaterinburg. The radiocarbon dating gives it an age of 9,500 years. The sculpture is displayed in the Historic Exhibition Museum in Yekaterinburg.


 * Domestication of the horse (around 4000-3500 BC)
 * It is generally thought that horses were domesticated in the steppes of present-day Ukraine around 4000-3500 BCE.


 * Zaum
 * Montage (by Lev Kuleshov)
 * Theremin
 * Bone watch
 * Birch bark art
 * Constructivism
 * Drum machine (Rhythmicon)
 * Wooden watch (by Semyon Bronnikov)
 * Kuleshov Effect
 * Musical carriage (by Yegor Kuznetsov)
 * Socialist realism
 * Pure abstract art (by Vasily Kandinsky)
 * ANS synthesizer
 * Optophonic piano
 * Welded sculpture
 * Stanislavsky's system

Chemistry

 * Pobedit
 * Pobedit is specialized alloy that is close in hardness to diamond (85-90 on the Rockwell scale). It was invented in USSR in 1929 and was used in mining, metal-cutting and as a material for special mechanical parts. Later a number of similar alloys were developed.


 * Periodic table
 * The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties. Elements are presented in increasing atomic number. The table was invented in 1869 by Dmitry Mendeleyev. Using the table, he predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.


 * Chromatography
 * Synthetic rubber
 * The first commercially viable form of production of synthetic rubber, Polybutadiene, was first polymerized in 1910 by Sergei Lebedev. Due to his discoveries, the Soviet Union became the first country to achieve a substantial industrial production of the material in the late 1930s.


 * Fire fighting foam
 * Synthetic detergent
 * The Petrov contact liquor was created by Grigory Petrov in 1913. It is a surface-active agent (detergent) consisting of a mixture of naphthene sulfonic acids and alkyl-aryl sulfonic acids. Widely used around the world under various marketing brands.


 * Nuclear desalination (BN-350 reactor)
 * Theory of chemical structure
 * First developed by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1857–1861, the theory stated that the chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups but structures with definite order formed according the valency of the composing atoms.

Communications

 * Thing
 * The device was created by Leon Theremin. It was one of the first "bugs" to use passive techniques to transmit an audio signal. Because it was energized and activated by electromagnetic energy from an outside source, it is considered a predecessor of RFID technology.


 * Interlace
 * Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate introduced with the composite video signal used with analog television without consuming extra bandwidth. In the domain of television, it was first demonstrated by Leon Theremin in 1925 starting with 16 lines resolution and eventually 64 in 1926.


 * Crystodine
 * In the early 1920s, Oleg Losev was experimenting with applying voltage biases to various kinds of crystals for manufacture of radio detectors. With a zinc oxide crystal he gained amplification. This was negative resistance phenomenon, decades before the tunnel diode. He then built regenerative and superheterodyne receivers, and even transmitters. However, this discovery was not supported by authorities and only a few examples for research was produced.


 * Pocket phone (by Leonid Kupriyanovich)
 * Radio receiver
 * CRT television
 * In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zvorykin created a television system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit still images over wires to the cathode ray tube in the receiver. It was one of the first experimental demonstrations where the cathode ray tube was employed for the purposes of television.


 * Optical telegraph
 * In 1794, Ivan Kulibin created a semaphore that employed his earlier invention, searchlight, as means of sending messages. This allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.

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 * Portable mobile phone (by Leonid Kupriyanovich)

Computing and information technology

 * TRIZ
 * RAR
 * Integraph
 * Acmeology (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Russian abacus
 * Personal computer (MIR)
 * Flip-flop (electronics) (by Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich, independently from William Eccles and Frank Jordan)
 * Unit record equipment (by Semyon Korsakov)
 * AVL tree datastructure
 * Abstract state machine
 * Modern ternary computer (Setun)
 * Topological quantum computer
 * Randomized webcam chatroom (Chatroulette)
 * Computer for operations with functions

Cuisine

 * Soups
 * Botvinya (Ботвинья)·Kalya (Калья)·Malosol ·Okroshka·Rassolnik·Shchi·Solyanka·Tyurya (Тюря)·Ukha


 * Meat, fish, dairy products
 * Balyk·Chopsy ·Khinkal (Хинкал)·Litsuklibzhe·Porsa ·Shomokh ·Smetana·Stroganina (Строганина)·Tyram


 * Pies, wraps, pancakes
 * Blini·Khingalsh·Khychin (Хычин)·Kulebyaka·Ochpochmak·Peremech (Перемяч)·Pirog·Pirozhki·Qabartma·Qistibi·Syrniki·Vatrushka


 * Drinks, alcoholic beverages
 * Baked milk ·Kefir·Kissel·Kvas ·Mors (Морс)·Medovukha·Russian vodka·Sbiten


 * Snacks
 * Chakchak·Kozuli (Козули)·Tetyory (Тетёры)·Tula gingerbread·Urbech (Урбеч)


 * Other
 * Borodinsky (bread)·Khrenovina (sauce)·Pelmeni (dumpling) ·Vareniki (dumpling)

Art

 * Khokhloma
 * Vologda lace (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Kargopol toys
 * Borok drawing (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Dymkovo toys
 * Mezen drawing (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Matryoshka doll
 * Miniature painting:
 * Kholuy miniature
 * Palekh miniature
 * Mstyora miniature
 * Fedoskino miniature


 * Zhostovo painting
 * Bird of Happiness
 * Gorodets painting

Architecture

 * Vysotka
 * Zvonnitsa
 * Kokoshnik
 * Bochka roof
 * Onion dome
 * Native styles:
 * Neo-Russian
 * Constructivism
 * Neo-Byzantine (developed)
 * Late Muscovite
 * Russian Revival
 * Stalinist Empire
 * Siberian Baroque (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Middle Muscovite
 * Naryshkin Baroque
 * Postconstructivism
 * Early Russian architecture
 * North Caucasus architecture
 * Russian wooden architecture (Russian wikipedia article)


 * Multidomed church
 * Tented roof masonry

Music

 * Gusli
 * Bayan
 * Gudok
 * Domra
 * Zhaleika
 * Balalaika
 * Szopelka
 * Doshpuluur
 * Treshchotka
 * Atukh-Pondur
 * Russian guitar
 * Dechig-Pondur
 * Vladimirsky rozhok

Clothing

 * Lapti
 * Kalfak (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Sarafan
 * Valenki
 * Ushanka
 * Boyar hat
 * Kokoshnik
 * Kosovorotka
 * Orenburg shawl

Earth studies

 * Radiosonde (by Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau)
 * Lightning detector
 * Sounding weight probe
 * Manned drifting ice station

Energy

 * Kalina cycle (by Aleksandr Kalina)
 * Photoelectric cell (first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect (by Aleksandr Stoletov))
 * Coal cutter-loader (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Straight-flow boiler (Ramzin boiler)
 * Mobile floating power station (by Nikolai Kukhto (Russian wikipedia article))
 * Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis (by Dmitry Lachinov)

Oil and gas

 * Gas lift (by Mikhail Tikhvinsky, 1914)
 * Turbodrill (by Matvei Kapelyushnikov, 1922)
 * Modern oil well
 * Thermal cracking
 * Pipeline transport
 * Cylindric oil depot

Nuclear energy

 * Nuclear power plant
 * Fast-neutron reactor
 * Lead-cooled fast reactor
 * Pressurized water reactor
 * Nuclear power station barge (mass-produced)

Everyday life

 * Banya
 * Rushnik
 * Heating:
 * Russian oven
 * Water based central heating


 * Anbur script
 * AC transformer
 * Decimal currency
 * Light-emitting diode
 * Electric street lights (Yablochkov candle)
 * Multicolored printing press (Orlov Stamp)

Housing and structural engineering

 * Izba
 * Rebar
 * Gridshell
 * Lightning rod
 * Tensile structure
 * Foamed concrete (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Thin-shell structure
 * Screw drive elevator
 * Hyperboloid structure

Food preparation, kitchenware

 * Table-glass
 * Glass-holder
 * Russian samovar
 * Modern powdered milk

Mechanical engineering

 * Lever press (by Ivan Nevedomsky, 1813)
 * Welding:
 * Arc welding
 * MMA welding
 * Carbon arc welding
 * Underwater welding
 * Automatic arc welding


 * Centrifugal fan
 * Mechanic slide rest
 * Two-cylinder engine

Medicine

 * Air ioniser
 * Blood bank
 * EHF therapy (by Nikolai Devyatkov, Mikhail Golant and others)
 * Turpentine bath
 * Head transplant (first head transplant with full cerebral function (by Vladimir Demikhov))
 * External fixation
 * Plasmapheresis (by Vadim Yurevich)
 * Coding (therapy)
 * Oxygen cocktail
 * Field anesthesia
 * Ilizarov apparatus
 * MM-wave therapy
 * Ultrasonic testing (by Sergei Sokolov (Russian wikipedia article))
 * Radial keratotomy
 * Bekhterev's Mixture
 * Acoustic microscope (by Sergei Sokolov)
 * Classical conditioning
 * Distraction osteogenesis
 * Cadaveric blood transfusion
 * Anthropometric cosmetology
 * Magnetic resonance imaging (by Vladislav Ivanov)
 * Auscultatory blood pressure measurement

Metallurgy

 * Bulat steel
 * Aluminothermy
 * Weldable titanium alloys (by Igor Gorynin)
 * Modern powder metallurgy (by Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky)
 * Metallographic microscopy

Military
Major innovations that became standard means of modern warfare are in bold.
 * Systema
 * Flamethrower (first use in modern era (Vasily Korchmin))
 * Bistatic radar
 * Railway troops (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Radio rangefinder (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Modern field kitchen (Anton Turchanovich)
 * Modern field surgery (theoretical and practical foundations (Nikolai Pirogov))
 * Explosively pumped flux compression generator

Air Force

 * Aerobatics (theoretical and practical foundations (Pyotr Nesterov))
 * Drag chute
 * Rocket fighter (Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1)
 * Pressure suit
 * Hovercraft tank
 * Stealth aircraft (theory of modern stealth technology (Pyotr Ufimtsev))
 * Thrust vectoring (by Nikolai Kibalchich (proposal, 1881))
 * Drogue parachute (first application (Gleb Kotelnikov))
 * Flying boat fighter (Grigorovich M-11)
 * 3D thrust vectoring (Sukhoi Su-37)
 * Strategic bomber (Ilya Muromets)
 * Backpack parachute
 * Helicopter ejection seat (first production helicopter (Kamov Ka-50))
 * Helmet-mounted sight (Mikoyan MiG-29)
 * Supermaneuverability (Sukhoi Su-27)

Artillery

 * Licorne
 * Railway gun
 * Battery tower
 * Quick-firing gun (precursor (Russian wikipedia article))
 * Telescopic sight (by Andrei Nartov)
 * Multibarreled mortar (modular multibarreled mortar (by Ivan Fyodorov))
 * Modern quick-firing gun (Baranovsky cannon (Russian wikipedia article))

Cold weaponry

 * Sovnya
 * Pernach
 * Bardiche
 * Shashka
 * Boot knife
 * Bear spear

Firearms

 * Laser pistol
 * Assault rifle (Fedorov Avtomat)
 * Modern mortar (by Leonid Gobyato (co-inventor Roman Kondratenko))
 * Noiseless handgun (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Underwater assault rifle (APS)
 * Amphibious assault rifle (ASM-DT)
 * Unification of firearms (by Vladimir Fyodorov)
 * Noiseless grenade launcher (Device D)
 * Squad automatic weapon (RPD)
 * Automatic grenade launcher (by Yakov Taubin (Russian wikipedia article))
 * General purpose machine gun (by Vladimir Fyodorov)

Gear

 * Yuft (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Kirza
 * Gazyr (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Sailor cap
 * Budyonovka
 * Peaked cap
 * Gimnastyorka
 * Pointillist camouflage (by Vladimir Baranov-Rossine)
 * Activated charcoal gas mask (by Nikolai Zelinsky, independently from James Bert Garner)

Rocketry

 * Mobile ICBM
 * Rocket warfare (contributions to theory and tactics by Aleksandr Zasyadko)
 * Air-augmented rocket
 * Anti-ballistic missile
 * Railcar-launched ICBM
 * Vertical launching system
 * Intercontinental ballistic missile (world's first true ICBM (R-7 Semyorka))
 * Modern multiple rocket launcher (BM-13 Katyusha)
 * Fractional Orbital Bombardment System

Military vehicles

 * Aerosani
 * Tachanka
 * Flame tank (first practical design (KhT-26))
 * Mobile banya
 * Gulyay-gorod (modular wagon fort)
 * Military robot (Teletank)
 * Main battle tank (1911–1916 contributions to modern tank design by Aleksandr Porokhovschikov and Vasily Mendeleyev (Russian wikipedia article))
 * Reactive armor
 * Infantry fighting vehicle (BMP-1)
 * Active protection system
 * Self-propelled laser system (Stilet (Russian wikipedia article))
 * Tank support fighting vehicle
 * Mobile rocket launcher system (BM-13 Katyusha)

Navy

 * Minelayer (Amur class minelayer (1898))
 * Degaussing (by Anatoly Aleksandrov, independently from Charles F. Goodeve)
 * Missile boat
 * Rangefinder (by Vasily Petrushevsky)
 * Armored cruiser (Russian cruiser General-Admiral (1873))
 * Torpedo boat tender
 * Submarine minelayer (Russian submarine Krab (1912))
 * Ballistic missile submarine (Project 611)

Nanotechnology

 * Berkovich tip
 * Carbon nanotubes
 * Detonation nanodiamond

Physics

 * Laser (by Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov (co-inventors))
 * Maser (by Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov (co-inventors))
 * Graser
 * Collider (by Gersh Budker (co-inventor))
 * Orbitrap
 * Tokamak
 * Microtron
 * Nuclotron
 * Reflectron
 * Electric arc
 * Synchrotron (by Vladimir Veksler (co-inventor))
 * Reflex klystron (by Nikolai Devyatkov, 1939)
 * Photomultiplier (by Leonid Kubetsky)
 * Electron cooling
 * Heterotransistor (by Zhores Alfyorov (with Herbert Kroemer))
 * Magnetotellurics
 * Synchrophasotron
 * Shashlik (physics)
 * EPR spectroscopy
 * Cherenkov detector
 * NMR spectroscopy (by Yevgeny Zavoisky (co-developer))
 * Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

Recording

 * 3D holography

Audio

 * Graphical sound (Pavel Tager (1926) and Aleksandr Shorin (1927))
 * Laser microphone
 * Piezoelectric microphone (Sergei Rzhevkin, 1925)

Photography

 * Stereo camera (Ivan Aleksandrovsky, 1852)
 * Wide-angle lens (Ivan Boldyrev, 1878)
 * Kirlian photography
 * Instant focal-plane shutter (Sigizmund Yurkovsky, 1882)
 * Electroplated daguerreotype (Aleksei Grekov, 1840)
 * By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (Russian wikipedia article), a prolific inventor in the field of photography :
 * Aerial camera and photographic plates (1886)
 * Camera for solar eclipses (1887)
 * Expeditional photocamera (1882)
 * Watertight marine camera (1886)
 * Mobile photographic studio (1875)

Video

 * Underwater movie camera (Fyodor Leontovich, 1933)

Space exploration
Dates in green – inventions made before Space Era.
 * 1756 – Night vision telescope
 * 1762 – Off-axis reflecting telescope (by Mikhail Lomonosov (not published until 1827))
 * 1895 – Space elevator (proposal)
 * 1903 – Theoretical foundations of spaceflight (by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky)
 * 1919 – Gravity assist (proposal, first application (1959))
 * 1930 – Radiosonde (by Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau)
 * 1931 – Hypergolic propellant
 * 1931 – Space suit
 * 1941 – Maksutov telescope
 * 1947 – Modern multistage rocket (by Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky)
 * 1949 – Staged combustion cycle (proposal, first application (1963))
 * ???? – Feathering spectrograph (by Gavriil Tikhov)
 * ???? – Electric propulsion (first application)
 * 1957 – Spaceport
 * 1957 – Orbital space rocket
 * 1957 – Satellite
 * 1957 – Space capsule
 * 1958 – Air-augmented rocket
 * 1961 – Space food
 * 1961 – Human spaceflight
 * 1961 – Reentry capsule
 * 1962 – Automated space docking
 * 1963 – Plasma propulsion engine
 * 1964 – Kardashyov scale
 * 1964 – Pulsed plasma thruster
 * 1965 – Extra-vehicular activity
 * 1965 – Molniya orbit satellite
 * 1966 – Lander spacecraft (Luna 9)
 * 1966 – Orbiter (Luna 10)
 * 1966 – Orbital module
 * 1967 – Space toilet
 * 1970 – Space probe
 * 1970 – Robotic sample return
 * 1970 – Space rover
 * 1971 – Space station
 * 1971 – Hall effect thruster
 * 1975 – Venus lander
 * 1975 – Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
 * 1978 – Unmanned resupply spacecraft
 * 1982 – Modular space station
 * 1992 – Space mirror
 * 1995 – Submarine-launched spacecraft
 * 1999 – Sea Launch (multinational cooperation)
 * 2001 – Space tourism
 * 2015 – Space cleaner (planned)

Sports and games

 * Tetris
 * Lapta
 * Bandy
 * Sambo
 * Gorodki
 * Preferans
 * Spirograph
 * Yacht club (Neva Yacht Club)
 * Orlov Trotter
 * Rocket boots
 * Roller coaster (precursor (Russian Mountains))
 * Harness racing (first conducted by Grigory Orlov in 1776)
 * Business chess
 * Abalakov thread
 * Russian pyramid
 * Chapayev (game)
 * Fire-fighting sport
 * Parachuting sport
 * Aviamodelling sport
 * Russian fist fighting
 * Spring-loaded camming device
 * Competitive rhythmic gymnastics

Transportation

 * Troika
 * Gyrocar
 * Droshky
 * Bolotokhod (amphibious ATV specially for swamp terrain (Russian wikipedia article))
 * Electric bus (by Ippolit Romanov)
 * Snowmobile (Aerosani)
 * Snegobolotokhod (bolotokhod for snow and swamp terrain)
 * Self-propelling carriage (precursors to bicycle and automobile (by Leonty Shamshurenkov, 1752 and Ivan Kulibin, 1780s))
 * Modern bascule bridge

Maritime

 * Horse-boat (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Icebreakers:
 * Icebreaker (Koch)
 * Polar icebreaker
 * Modern icebreaker
 * Nuclear icebreaker
 * Resonance method of ice destruction


 * Insubmersibility

Rail transport

 * Monorail (precursor, by Ivan Elmanov)
 * Headlamp (by Pavel Yablochkov)
 * Aerowagon (precursor of turbojet train)
 * Work trains [ refer to for inventions listed below ]
 * Snowplow (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Track liner (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Ballast cleaner
 * Ballast regulator
 * Ballast compactor (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Snow-removal train (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Track geometry car (by Iosif Livchak, 1887)
 * Ditch cleaning machine (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Track cleaning machine (Russian wikipedia article)


 * Electric tram
 * String transport
 * Children's railway
 * Diesel locomotive (first successful mainline diesel locomotive, by Yury Lomonosov)
 * Rail assembly line (Russian wikipedia article)
 * Deep column station
 * Platform screen doors
 * Railway electrification system

Aviation

 * BARS (hybrid of airplane, airship, helicopter and hovercraft)
 * Airliner (Ilya Muromets)
 * Turbofan (by Arkhip Lyulka, 1937–1941)
 * Ekranolet (hybrid of ekranoplan and airplane (Russian wikipedia article))
 * Turboprop (by Mikhail Nikolsky, 1914)
 * Ekranoplan
 * Thermoplan
 * Flying wing (first practical design and flyable aircraft, by Boris Cheranovsky)
 * Regional jet (Yak-40)
 * Coaxial rotor
 * Pulse jet engine
 * Model helicopter (by Mikhail Lomonosov, 1754)
 * Supersonic transport (Tu-144)

Other

 * U-stage (a.k.a. Fyodorov's table)
 * Searchlight (by Ivan Kulibin)
 * Orlov printing (by Ivan Orlov)
 * Burglar alarm
 * Smokejumping
 * Foam extinguisher
 * Forensic facial reconstruction

Russian discoveries

 * 1761 – Atmosphere of Venus
 * 1861 – Formose reaction
 * 1872 – Aldol reaction (by Aleksandr Borodin, independently from Adolphe Wurtz)
 * 1890 – Chemosynthesis
 * 1892 – Viruses
 * 1903 – Cytoskeleton
 * 1905 – Korotkov sounds
 * 1911 – Hafnium (claimed by Vladimir Vernadsky and Georges Urbain (independently))
 * 1934 – Cherenkov radiation
 * 1937 – Superfluidity (by Pyotr Kapitsa, with John F. Allen and Don Misener)
 * 1952 – Carbon nanotubes
 * 1964 – Rutherfordium
 * 1961 – Lawrencium (co-discovered (Dubna Nuclear Research Institute and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory))
 * 1966 – Nobelium
 * 1968 – Dubnium
 * 1981 – Quantum dot
 * 1999 – Ununquadium
 * 2000 – Ununhexium
 * 2002 – Ununoctium (unconfirmed)
 * 2003 – Ununtrium (unconfirmed)
 * 2003 – Ununpentium (unconfirmed)
 * 2010 – Ununseptium (unconfirmed)

Technology records
— Tsar Bell (the largest and heaviest bell in the world) — Trans-Siberian Railway (the longest railway in the world) — Moscow Metro (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system) — Leningrad Metro (the deepest subway in the world) — Druzhba pipeline (the longest oil pipeline system in the world) — Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system) — Soyuz rocket (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world) — The Motherland Calls (the largest complex sculpture) — Lunokhod 2 (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle) — Arktika class icebreaker (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole) — MIR submersible (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; developed in cooperation with Finland) — RD-170 rocket engine (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine) — An-225 (the largest fixed-wing aircraft) — Kola Superdeep Borehole (the deepest borehole) — Mirny Mine (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation) — NS 50 Years Since Victory (the world's largest nuclear powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general) — Russky Island Bridge (the longest cable-stayed bridge) — SP-117 (allegedly the most potent truth drug)

Weaponry records

 * — Great Abatis Line (the largest fortification line of abatis type)
 * — Tsar Cannon (the largest-calibre bombard)
 * — Three-line rifle (the most produced rifle of the era)
 * — Polikarpov Po-2 (world's most produced biplane)
 * — Ilyushin Il-2 (world's most produced combat aircraft)
 * — T-34 (the most successful tank design of World War II)
 * — T-54/55 (world's most produced tank)
 * — MiG-15 (world's most produced jet aircraft)
 * — AK-47 (world's most produced assault rifle; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined)
 * — MiG-21 (world's most produced supersonic aircraft)
 * — S-75 Dvina (the most widely-deployed and -used air defense missile in history)
 * — RPG-7 (world's most used anti-tank weapon)
 * — Mil Mi-8 (world's most-produced helicopter)
 * — Tsar Bomb (the most powerful weapon ever tested)
 * — TKB-022PM (best barrel length to overall length ratio)
 * — KM "Caspian Monster" (the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft)
 * — Mil Mi-12 (the largest helicopter ever built)
 * — Kirov class battlecruiser (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world)
 * — R-36M (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight)
 * — Typhoon class submarine (the largest submarine ever built)
 * — Tupolev Tu-160 (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft)
 * — Novichok agent (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made)
 * — Beriev A-40 (the largest amphibious flying boat)
 * — Zubr class LCAC (world's largest hovercraft)
 * — Don-2N (the most powerful early-warning radar)
 * — Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world)