User:Tenderous/sandbox

Rail (Existing) As of March 2020, Amtrak provides public railway transportation on 35 lines, with services concentrated in the Pacific Northwest, Northeast, California, and the Midwest. Amtrak also operates its own long distance bus system to support its train network. An “Auto Train” is available from Washington, DC to Orlando, Florida that is capable of carrying along passengers’ vehicles.

In 2021, Amtrak plans to deploy a fleet of 28 new Acela trainsets to serve the Northeast Corridor. The first of these trains are currently undergoing a nine month high-speed testing phase and will include personal comforts such as outlets, USB ports, improved Wi-Fi access, and an overall improvement in interior space design allowing 25 percent more passengers. The trains will travel between Boston and Washington D.C. multiple times a day, a route 3.5 million customers took in 2019. (Palma, Kristi, 19/2/20)

History (Existing) After the rise of automobiles in the first half of the twentieth century, transit companies went out of business and transit ridership declined. (Mathur, S., 2016)

Prior to 1950, the United States had a higher rate of public transport trips per capita than Germany. In 2010, Germany’s per capita rate was about 7 times higher than the US. Even after accounting for demographics, socio-economics, and other factors, the rate was still 5 times higher. The low level of public transport usage in the United States compared to other developed Western nations has been relatively consistent according to a study covering 1980 through 2010. A 2012 comparison among 14 western countries found the US in last place in annual public transport trips per capita with 24 trips. The next to last country was the Netherlands with 51 trips and Switzerland was ranked first with 237. Reasons for the United States having a lower demand for public transport than Europe include lower density cities, tax policy, and the relative freedom of car use in American cities. (Buehler, R., & Pucher, J., 2012)

Funding (Existing) Historically, public transportation in the United States has been reliant on private investments. Congress first authorized money for public transport under the Urban Mass Transportation Act (UMTA) of 1964, with $150 million per year. Under the UMTA of 1970, this amount rose to $3.1 billion per year Since then, ridership has risen from 6.6 billion in the mid-1970s to 10.2 billion today. None of the major transit systems in the US generate enough revenue to cover their operating expenses, but the those with the highest percentages include the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District with 71.6 percent and the Washington, DC metropolitan rail system with 62.1 percent. (Mathur, S, 2016)

The most widely used source for public transport funds in the United States is general sales tax. Whereas most countries usually don’t put motoring taxes to a specific use, there are instances in the United States where this revenue is earmarked to fund public transport. For example, bridge tolls on the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is used to subsidize local bus and ferry Services. In contrast to other western countries, public transport use is low and mostly by the poor, which makes it harder to raise additional funds. In response to reductions in Federal support for public transport, individual States and cities sometimes levy local taxes to maintain their transit systems. (Enoch, M., Nijkamp, P., Potter, S., & Ubbels, B., 2014)

One study found United States subsidizes a higher percentage of total operating costs for public transport compared to some European countries, at 75% compared to 30% through 70%.

“Amtrak Routes & Stations.” Amtrak Routes & Stations, www.amtrak.com/train-routes.

Buehler, R., & Pucher, J. (2012). Demand for Public Transport in Germany and the USA: An Analysis of Rider Characteristics. Transport Reviews, 32(5), 541–567. doi: 10.1080/01441647.2012.707695

Enoch, M., Nijkamp, P., Potter, S., & Ubbels, B. (2014). Unfare Solutions Local Earmarked Charges to Fund Public Transport. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor and Francis.

Mathur, S. (2016). Innovation in public transport finance: property value capture. Place of publication not identified: Routledge.

Palma, Kristi. “Amtrak to Begin High-Speed Testing of Its New Acela Trains, Coming in 2021.” Boston.com, The Boston Globe, 19 Feb. 2020, www.boston.com/travel/travel/2020/02/19/amtrak-acela-trains-high-speed-testing.