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Santiago del Estero Quichua or Santiagueño Quechua (Santiagen Quichua) is a vulnerable dialect of Southern Quechua spoken by approximately 60,000 people in Argentina. It is primarily spoken in the Santiago del Estero province, but long-standing internal migration has also increased its presence in different provinces of northeastern Argentina (particularly Chaco and Salta) and in the Buenos Aires province. Its speakers are known as quichuistas, and as of 2000 there were no known monolinguals, meaning every speaker was bilingual.

It is 81% similar to other Quechuan languages. It is the seventh-most widely spoken language in Argentina behind Spanish, Italian, Levantine Arabic, South Bolivian Quechua, Standard German, and Mapudungun. It is the third most widely spoken indigenous language in the region.

There is a chair at the National University of Santiago del Estero dedicated to its study and preservation. There are radio programs to promote it, and it is currently taught at some Santiagueño schools and by various language institutes throughout Argentina.

The first modern descriptive grammar was published in 2001 by Jorge Alderetes. Its study dates from colonial times

http://www.language-archives.org/language/qus

Origins and history
Quechua was an official language of Santiago del Estero, Catamarca, and La Rioja during the colonial era (16th-early 19th centuries). Most scholars agree that the it was imported from the Inca Empire, but disagree when it comes to determining how. Lizondo Borda postulated that in the late 16th century Catholic missionaries and priests began to teach Quechua as a lingua franca to the indigenous populations, whose native language was probably Lule/Tonocoté. http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/LaBrasaLizondoBorda.html Another competing hypothesis is that the Inca Empire extended as far south as the current territory of Santiago del Estero.

There was once another dialect of Southern Quechua in Argentina, that of Catamarca and La Rioja, but it has since gone extinct.

Classification
Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay

Typology
20 consonants and 5 vowels.

Writing
Latin script https://www.ethnologue.com/language/qus

People
The indigenous people of Santiago del Estero were referred to as the "tonocoté". They faced much racism and discrimination from the rest of the Argentinian population which led to the diminishing of their language and culture as a whole. The government even went so far as to release flyers describing what these indigenous people looked like, including red skin and the use of feathers in their clothing. For this reason, they were singled out among the rest of the Hispanic population. Instead of learning their maternal language of Santiagueño Quechua at school, indigenous children were looked over and forced to learItalic textn the official Spanish language, which is a contributing factor as to why this language became endangered.

Religion
Most quichua speakers are Christians, and Catholic in particular. The word 'Pachamama' is part of the vocabulary but has no religious meaning. http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/vocab3.htm#P In 1990 parts of the Bible were translated to Santiagueño Quichua.

Grammar
Santiagueño Quechua has a SOV (subject-object-verb) word order. Example: Nocka mishita ckaani (I cat see). It has no article.

Noun and adjective inflection
Santiagueño Quechua nouns and adjectives inflect by six cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, ablative and dative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Although the language has no grammatical gender, in the biological realm differentiates between male and female. Example: chuspi orcko (fly male), chuspi china (fly female).

Adjective classification
There three kinds of adjectives: descriptive, determinative and numeral. In normative Santiagueño Quechua the adjective always precedes the noun, but because of Spanish influence sometimes is placed before and others after the noun. Citar a bravo.

Verb inflection
Corregir de acuerdo con Alderetes.

The verb of movement "to go" has been extensively studied and compared to other dialects of Quechua. It was found that while in other dialects, this verb is used to represent physical movement, in Santiagueño Quechua, it represents a future action. This can be compared to the modern Spanish phrase "ir a" which means "to go" + infinitive in Santiagueño Quechua.

Pasado no experimentado
It has been discovered that a new category of verb exists in this Quechua language: Pasado no experimentado, which adds a certain suffix to words to represent information that has been related to someone from another person. Usually, the suffix that corresponds to this is -ra. Ex: "niara".

Phonology
There are five vowel phonemes primarily used in this language:. In addition, as with other Quechuan languages,, and  possess ,  and  as allophones in the vicinity of the consonant phoneme. As opposed to other dialects of this language, which use the phoneme, Santiagueño Quechua possesses , similar to the Argentine Spanish pronunciation of as.

Examples
Many of the following examples have strong similarity to, or borrow words from the Spanish language.
 * cóndor- vulture
 * cocaví-> provisions for a trip
 * qólpa; choclo-> an ear of corn
 * kúnliir; molle-> tree of life
 * múli or porongo-> pumpkin
 * 'kúntur; chingana-> a sort of brothel
 * tarúka-> deer
 * wik*úña; vincha-> hair tie
 * qaparis ti(y)anku-> "they are yelling"
 * na riq rini ñuqá-> "I am already going to go"
 * más vale rini kutiq-> "Maybe I'll go back"
 * nuqa cuchilluyta manasuq-> "I'll lend you my knife"
 * Brachup historian rini cuentasuq-> "I will tell you the story of El Bracho."