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A study on retrieval failure suggested that our past versus future-oriented perspective may be the cause of why the use of cue familiarity can fail to retrieve certain memories. Meaning, a similar past experience you've had to a current one may differ based on a newfound perspective or change in judgment.

Semantic cues: When recall fails, semantic feature matching could help promote semantic cue recognition. “A feature-matching process, whereby features (i.e., attributes) of the current situation are compared with those of representations stored in memory to produce a sense of familiarity that varies according to the degree of match.” This allows for the overlap of similar semantic features to be more easily distinguished and promote semantic cue recognition.

State-dependent cues: This can also be referred to as the individual's internal environment. For example, Alcoholics that hide an item while drunk will be unable to remember it when they are sober. They would have to be drunk again in order to remember where they hid that item. This could also be as simple as exercising while doing homework. In order to better remember what you learned, doing that same exercise while you were doing your homework could help you remember information better if you were trying to prepare for a test. , s.

Tip-of-the-tongue: This phenomenon occurs when an individual feels like they know exactly what it is they want to say but can’t quite remember what it is So they are in this state of pause while they wait for that information to come to them. This experience of retrieval failure usually indicates that you probably do know the information, but just need some prompting with the use of the right retrieval cues to help you remember s. The experience is described as being frustrating yet the feeling of familiarity can create a slight, positive nervous system arousal in these cases where the origin if familiarity is unknown.

Factors determining retrieval success: The likelihood of cue dependent forgetting occurring is based upon the following factors: Attention to cues: Whether or not the individual is giving full or divided attention during retrieval for cues will affect the accuracy of recall. The relevance of Cues: The cues need to be relevant to the target. For example, say you need to refill your prescription and have the empty bottle in your medicine cabinet. On your way home, you see the location where you go to fill it up, but you don’t remember you need to fill it up until you get home and see the empty bottle. In this context, the medicine cabinet is a better context cue than the actual place where you fill it up. Cue-target strength: A relevant cue can still cause the retrieval of memory to fail if the cue itself is weak. How often the cue can be associated with the target is important to the likelihood of the memory being retrieved. The number of cues: The more relevant cues there are with the target memory, the greater the chance of retrieval. Target strength: If the target memory was poorly encoded, the more difficult retrieval will be. Retrieval Strategy: A strong retrieval strategies, such as attempting to remember through a different perspective, can improve the probability of retrieval and reduce forgetting. Retrieval Mode: Is the frame of mind one is in during the process of retrieval. For example, say you are busy looking for your keys. You are so focused on looking for them that you aren't considering the memory of when you last had them. In order to successfully retrieve a memory, we have to be in the right frame of mind. Each of these factors can influence the effectiveness of retrieval. The importance of the strength, relevance, and number of cues can heavily impact attaining the target memory. The target itself also has to be encoded well for these cues to work. If any of these factors fail, a poor cue or encoding of a target, a memory can easily be forgotten s. .