User:TheChosenOneAnakin/Ethics of artificial intelligence

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Introduction

The ethical issues that are arising as artificial intelligence systems develop must be addressed. To pinpoint the most important ethical challenges and concerns, a conversation needs to be started by academics, professionals, and legislators. Artificial intelligence ethics are required to ensure that moral principles are thoughtfully included into AI development and that societal and individual values are consistent with the advancement of technology.

Ethical Challenges

Biases in AI systems
Specifically targeting the fields of radiology and healthcare, this paper attempts to address and reduce bias in artificial intelligence (AI) applications. At every phase of the AI development lifecycle, from problem definition to post-deployment monitoring, it methodically detects possible hazards. In order to guarantee a thorough and sophisticated understanding of bias, the authors stress the importance of diversity in both data sets and development teams. They suggest tactics including better data gathering procedures, rigorous evaluation of proxy measures, and the application of thorough bias audits over the course of the AI lifecycle. It aims to promote inclusion and justice in the implementation of these technologies by emphasizing the obstacles and offering doable solutions. This will help to further the ethical and responsible development of AI in healthcare.

Liability for self-driving cars
Experts contend that autonomous vehicles ought to be able distinguish between rightful and harmful decisions since they have the potential of inflicting harm.The two main approaches proposed to enable smart machines to render moral decisions are the bottom-up approach, which suggests that machines should learn ethical decisions by observing human behavior without the need for formal rules or moral philosophies, and the top-down approach, which involves programming specific ethical principles into the machine's guidance system. However, there are significant challenges facing both strategies: the top-down technique is criticized for its difficulty in preserving certain moral convictions, while the bottom-up strategy is questioned for potentially unethical learning from human activities.

Copyright-ability of Artificial Intelligence
The murkiness surrounding the ownership of works produced by artificial intelligence is one of the most important ethical issues facing the field today. The issue of ownership grows complex as AI systems become more skilled at producing original works of art and literature. Concerns about intellectual property, just recompense, and the acknowledgment of creative contributions are brought up by the absence of unambiguous authorship. In order to design rules that recognize the collaborative role of both human creators and the AI itself, ethical frameworks must address the developing nature of creativity in the digital age. To navigate the ethical landscape of AI-generated works, it is crucial to strike a balance between encouraging innovation and protecting creators' rights. This will help to ensure that the advantages of technological advancements are fairly distributed in a way that respects the diverse contributions of both human and artificial agents.

This paper explores the dynamic relationship between authorship and copyright in computer-generated works, especially those produced by artificial intelligence (AI). It follows the historical viewpoint, pointing out that, up until recently, computer programs were thought of as instruments that needed human involvement in order to produce creative work. But since artificial intelligence (AI) emerged, the balance has changed, and computers powered by AI are now able to make decisions on their own and produce creative works.

The assignment of authorship to AI-generated works and the resulting ramifications for copyright protection are the main issues discussed. The study examines three potential solutions to this problem: granting AI authorship and putting "human creativity" and "machine creativity" on par; rejecting authorship and putting AI-generated works in the public domain; or creating a sui generis legal framework especially for AI-generated works. The ramifications of considering AI to be an author are examined, eliciting worries about possible issues including poisonous or biased content, problems determining legal and criminal culpability for works produced by AI, and AI's incapacity to transfer ownership. The moral rights related to copyright are also discussed in the study, however it is pointed out that these rights are essentially human-centric and might not apply to AI.

As evidenced by the European Parliament's deliberation of "electronic persons," the potential of granting legal status to AI entities is investigated. It is reported that an AI humanoid robot in Saudi Arabia was granted citizenship, which begs the question of what rights and obligations AI creatures would have in the future.

The article addresses the term of copyright for works created by AI, pointing out that the traditional rationale for copyright protection—which is based on the finite lifespan and labor of human authors—is called into question by AI, which is eternal and not prone to weariness. Furthermore, the challenges AI faces in settling royalties and upholding copyright are emphasized.

Various legal interpretations from different jurisdictions are presented, such as the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, which defines "computer-generated work" and attributes authorship to the person making the arrangements for the work. The Australian viewpoint is also discussed, in which the source code of an AI machine is granted copyright to the developer, but the AI-generated work is not protected because human participation is not involved.The paper challenges the idea that humans and AI may co-author works, contending that since humans do not oversee every aspect of AI, unique contributions are lacking. It advises figuring out authorship on a case-by-case basis.

In order to reduce interference with current copyright rules, the article suggests shorter copyright terms as part of its exploration of the viability of a sui generis system for safeguarding AI-generated works. It is understood that there may be negative effects and that genuine disclosure is required when it comes to AI's role in the creative process.

References

1) Dignum, V. (2018). Ethics in artificial intelligence: introduction to the special issue. Ethics and Information Technology, 20(1), 1-3.

2) Etzioni, A., & Etzioni, O. (2017). Incorporating ethics into artificial intelligence. The Journal of Ethics, 21, 403-418.

3) Müller, Vincent C. "Ethics of artificial intelligence and robotics." (2020).

4) Miernicki, M., Ng (Huang Ying), I. Artificial intelligence and moral rights. AI & Soc 36, 319–329 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01027-6

5) AI pitfalls and what not to do: mitigating bias in AI Judy Wawira Gichoya, Kaesha Thomas, Leo Anthony Celi, Nabile Safdar, Imon Banerjee, John D Banja, Laleh Seyyed-Kalantari, Hari Trivedi, and Saptarshi Purkayastha The British Journal of Radiology 2023 96:1150

6) Ahuja, Virendra, Artificial Intelligence and Copyright: Issues and Challenges (June 11, 2020). ILI Law Review Winter Issue 2020, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3864922