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The term "Melayu-Bugis" refers to a cultural and ethnic group that has roots in both the Malay and Bugis communities. This group is often associated with individuals who have a mixed heritage, blending Malay and Bugis ancestry. The Malays generally refer to people from the Malay Peninsula and surrounding areas, such as Johor, Minangkabau, and Pattani, while the Bugis are an ethnic group primarily from South Sulawesi in Indonesia.

The Melayu-Bugis community arose from historical migrations and intermarriages between Malays and Bugis, especially in regions where these populations intersected, such as South Sulawesi, Riau Archipelago, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. This cultural blending has created a distinct identity that integrates elements from both Malay and Bugis traditions. Members of the Melayu-Bugis group often display cultural traits and practices from both heritages, including language, customs, cuisine, and social norms.

The migration of Malays to South Sulawesi beginning in the late 15th century significantly impacted Southeast Asian history. Migrants from Johor, Pahang, Minangkabau, Champa and Pattani established vibrant Malay communities in South Sulawesi. They influenced trade, religion, literature, and governance. The interaction between South Sulawesi and the Malay Peninsula also facilitated return migration, encouraging cultural exchange and economic ties.

Additionally, the Bugis Malays, descendants of intermarriages between Bugis and Malays, played pivotal roles in the Malay regions. They contributed to cultural heritage, economic partnerships, and political alliances. This history underscores the interconnectedness and importance of the Melayu-Bugis in both South Sulawesi and the broader Southeast Asian region.

South Sulawesi
   The Melayu-Bugis refers to the Malays (Johor, Minangkabau, and Pattani) who migrated to South Sulawesi starting from 1490. These migrants eventually produced descendants who played significant roles in the kingdoms of South Sulawesi, Riau, and the Malay Peninsula.

Since Raja Ali Haji wrote "Tuhfat al-Nafis," which tells the history and genealogy of the Malay-Bugis, numerous books have detailed the roles of the Bugis in the Malay World. However, there remains a limited number of books and articles discussing the roles of the Malay people in the Bugis-Makassar regions. Understanding the presence and influence of the Malays in this eastern part of Indonesia is crucial for identifying the new Southeast Asian individuals who played significant roles in the historical dynamics of western Indonesia from the late 17th century, peaking in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

Early Arrival of Malays in Sulawesi
In 1542, Antonio de Paiva, a Portuguese adventurer, landed in Siang, an ancient kingdom on the southern coast of Makassar. De Paiva reported encountering Malays in Siang, residing in well-organized communities since 1490. Manuel Pinto, who visited Siang in 1545, mentioned that there were around 40,000 Malays in Siang. During the reign of Karaeng Tumaparisi Kallonna (1500-1545), the Malays established a settlement in Mangallekana, north of Somba Opu, the capital of the Gowa kingdom. During the era of Karaeng Tunipallangga, the Malays sent Datuk Nakhoda Bonang to the King of Gowa to request autonomy for Mangallekana.

Role of Malays in Sulawesi
Since their arrival in the Gowa kingdom, the Malays played roles not only as traders and religious scholars but also influenced the kingdom's social and political life. The significant number of Malays in Gowa prompted King Karaeng Tunijallo XII (1565-1590) to build a mosque in Mangallekana for the Malays, even though he had not yet embraced Islam. Many Malays held important positions in the Gowa kingdom’s court. During the reign of King Gowa X (1546-1565), a Malay-Bajau descendant, Daeng Ri Mangallekana, was appointed as the harbor master, a position traditionally held by Malays. Another significant role was that of the court scribe. During Sultan Hasanuddin's reign (1653-1669), a Malay named Incik Amin served as the court scribe and poet.

The Malays also contributed to literature and the teaching of Islam. Religious manuscripts and literary works were translated from Malay to Bugis, including "Hikayat Rabiatul Adawiah," "Hikayat Isma Yatim," "Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah," "Hikayat Shahi Mardan Ali Al Murtada," and "Hikayat Puteri Jauhar Manikam." The intellectual tradition continued into the 19th century with the rewriting of "Sureg I Lagaligo" by Johor Malay literary figure, Ratna Kencana, also known as Collipujie Arung Pancana Toa Datu Tanate.

By 1615, the economy of Sulawesi, particularly inter-island trade through the Makassar port, was dominated by Johor and Pattani Malays. Despite living in Sulawesi for centuries, the Malays maintained trade relations with their homeland in the Malay Peninsula and Riau islands. Since 1511, Malay traders had transported rice from Sulawesi to Malacca. It was not until 1621, under the rule of Daeng Manrabia Sultan Alauddin (1593-1639), that the Bugis began to play a significant role in Nusantara trade and navigation.

Ethnic Intermingling
The exact time when Pattani and Minangkabau Malays settled in Makassar is unknown. Some local sources suggest that their arrival followed the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511. The Portuguese presence in Malacca disrupted the interests of Johor, Pattani, and Minangkabau people.

Notable figures such as Datuk Leang Abdul Kadir and Tuan Fatimah are recognized as the ancestors of the Pattani Malays, while Datuk Makotta and Tuan Sitti are the progenitors of the Minangkabau Malays. Intermarriage between Pattani and Minangkabau Malays in Makassar is exemplified by the marriage of Tuan Aminah, daughter of Leang Abdul Kadir, to Tuan Rajja, son of Datuk Makotta. These marriages were often referred to as "incek." Marriages between Malays and Bajau people were termed "kare," leading to the generation of Melayu-Bugis people, known as "tubaji" (in Makassarese) and "tudenceng" (in Bugis). Over approximately 150 years, intermarriage between Bugis-Makassar nobility and Malays led to descendants identifying as Bugis or Makassarese rather than Malays.

Explulsion and return to the Malay Homeland
Tensions between the Gowa kingdom and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) over economic dominance in eastern Indonesia from the early 17th century significantly impacted the Malays and Javanese working in foreign offices. The kingdom's suspicion of Malays involved in Dutch trade activities in Makassar peaked during the Makassar War (1667-1669), resulting in their expulsion. The war forced Sultan Hasanuddin to sign the Treaty of Bongaya, which greatly disadvantaged Gowa. Consequently, the Malays, along with other Bugis officials, left Sulawesi for Malay kingdoms.

This migration and integration history highlights the dynamic role of Malays in shaping the socio-political and economic landscape of South Sulawesi, as well as their enduring legacy in the region.

Subsequent Impact of the migrations towards the Malay regions
The fall of Makassar had a significant impact, prompting a large-scale migration towards the Malay regions and other areas including Bali, Java, Borneo, and Aceh. This exodus included not only the Bugis Malays of Sulawesi but also the Bugis, Makassar, and Mandarese people. The political and economic upheavals following the Makassar War and the subsequent Treaty of Bongaya, which disadvantaged the Gowa Kingdom, drove many Bugis and other inhabitants of Sulawesi to seek new opportunities and refuge from the turbulent political climate.

The historical narrative of the Bugis in the Malay lands is characterized by their influential presence across various sultanates and regions. This migration led to the Bugis establishing significant settlements and playing key roles in the socio-political landscapes of several Malay sultanates, including Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang, Selangor and Kalimantan during periods of political instability. Known for their strategic alliances with local Malay rulers and their military capabilities, the Bugis were important in shaping regional politics and defense strategies.

Their settlements in places like Linggi and Siak highlighted their expansion and integration into the socio-political fabric of the Malay Archipelago, making them notable figures in the region's historical development. Their presence in these regions contributed to the historical dynamics and development of the Malay Archipelago. 

Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang Sultanate
The Bugis first became prominently involved in the Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang Sultanate during a period of political instability following the "Tragedi Seulas Nangka" in 1699. This event, marked by the assassination of Sultan Mahmud Shah II, plunged the Sultanate into turmoil. Raja Kecik, claiming descent from Sultan Mahmud, seized power and established himself as Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (1717-1722), demoting Sultan Abdul Jalil to Bendahara. Amidst these power struggles, the Bugis leaders, including Daing Parani and Daing Marewah, formed strategic alliances with local Malay rulers against Raja Kecik. Their military prowess and strategic acumen were crucial in these alliances, providing the strength needed to challenge Raja Kecik's authority.

With the assistance of the Bugis, Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah I emerged victorious in 1722, reclaiming Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang from Raja Kecik's rule. This victory was not only a testament to the Bugis' military capabilities but also marked the beginning of their significant influence in the region. As a reward for their support, Daing Marewah was appointed Yang Dipertuan Muda, a position crucial to maintaining stability and unity within the Sultanate. This appointment underscored the pivotal role the Bugis played in the political landscape of the Sultanate, establishing them as key power brokers and protectors of the Sultan's authority.

Selangor Sultanate
Following their success in Johor-Riau, the Bugis leaders sought to consolidate their influence in Selangor. Their migration aimed to bolster military capabilities and gather resources to confront remaining adversaries, particularly Raja Kecik. During their absence, however, Raja Kecik reasserted control over Riau, prompting a swift Bugis response. The Bugis mobilized a formidable fleet and military force, led by Daeng Chelak, to retake Riau. Their campaign proved successful, restoring Riau under Sultan Sulaiman's authority. This victory solidified the Bugis' reputation as formidable military strategists and essential allies in the region.

Post-victory, Daeng Chelak relocated to Kuala Selangor, where local residents requested him to remain as their ruler. Despite initial intentions to return to Riau, Daeng Chelak appointed Raja Lumu as his successor in Kuala Selangor, laying the groundwork for the Selangor Sultanate's establishment. Raja Lumu's rule marked the formal establishment of the Selangor Sultanate, further expanding Bugis influence in the Malay Peninsula. This strategic move not only secured their power but also ensured the stability and growth of Selangor under Bugis leadership, making it a significant political entity in the region.

Kalimantan
In Kalimantan, specifically in Sambas, Matan, and Mempawah, the Bugis played pivotal roles in supporting local Malay kingdoms. In Matan, for instance, the intervention of the Five Bugis Brothers during a succession crisis restored Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin to power. This alliance was solidified through strategic marriages, such as that between Puteri Kesumba and Daeng Menambun, who established a new kingdom in Mempawah. These strategic alliances through marriage and political support highlighted the Bugis' ability to integrate and influence local politics, ensuring their presence and authority in Kalimantan.

Similarly, in Sambas, alliances through marriage, like that of Daeng Kemasi with Raden Tengah, strengthened Bugis influence. Daeng Kemasi eventually ascended as Raja Sambas, consolidating Bugis power in the region. Their influence extended beyond mere military support, embedding deeply into the socio-political fabric of these kingdoms. The Bugis' ability to navigate and dominate the complex political landscapes of Kalimantan underscored their strategic acumen and adaptability, making them indispensable allies and powerful rulers in these regions.

Linggi
The Bugis influence extended to Linggi, where 600 Bugis warriors under Daeng Marewah agreed to settle. This development worried the Dutch in Melaka due to Linggi's proximity. The Dutch, recognizing the Bugis' growing power, expressed their concerns to the Sultan of Johor on October 6, 1701. Similar apprehensions had arisen during Raja Kecik's rule, leading to attempts to block Bugis movements through Naning to prevent attacks on Rembau. The Bugis presence in the region signaled their strategic intent to expand and solidify their influence, much to the concern of colonial powers.

The Bugis presence in Rembau lasted until October 1756, when Daeng Kemboja assembled forces to attack Melaka. They built fortresses in Klebang as bases for their operations, with support from Tengku Raja Said of Selangor. After nine months of conflict, the Bugis retreated to Linggi and Rembau Hilir following their defeat. Eventually, Daeng Kemboja and his forces relocated to Pedas, where they faced local resistance but ultimately secured their position. This persistent effort to establish dominance in Linggi exemplified the Bugis' determination to maintain their influence despite external opposition, further entrenching their presence in the region.

Siak
In the region of Siak, the Bugis influence was notably marked by the arrival of Daeng Tuagik, a prominent Bugis leader. Daeng Tuagik played a significant role in the political and military affairs of Siak, aligning himself with local rulers and becoming instrumental in the establishment of the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura. His leadership helped stabilize the region amidst external and internal conflicts, and his descendants continued to wield considerable influence in the area.

Daeng Tuagik's descendants, including notable figures such as Datuk Bandar Jamal and Datuk Ibrahim, perpetuated his legacy through their roles in governance and local administration. Their leadership contributed to the consolidation of Bugis power in Siak, facilitating economic growth, cultural exchange, and political stability. The Bugis presence in Siak, therefore, not only bolstered the region's defenses but also played a crucial part in shaping its historical trajectory.

Kedah
The Bugis exerted significant influence in the Kedah Sultanate during the 18th century, marked by their strategic engagements amidst political upheaval and external pressures. Following initial diplomatic overtures and alliances, including marriages that solidified their position within local courts, Bugis leaders such as Daeng Parani and Daeng Marewah played pivotal roles in navigating Kedah's turbulent political landscape. Their military prowess was crucial in supporting Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah in defending against Siamese encroachments and internal rivalries, securing the Sultanate's sovereignty during periods of colonial confrontations and dynastic disputes.

The Bugis intervention in Kedah was characterized by a series of military campaigns aimed at preserving royal authority and territorial integrity. Their alliances with local Malay rulers against external threats, including Siamese ambitions and rival factions within the Sultanate, underscored their strategic importance in regional politics. Through their adept military strategy and adaptive leadership, the Bugis not only bolstered Kedah's defenses but also contributed to its economic stability through maritime trade and resource management. Their legacy in Kedah highlights the enduring impact of Bugis influence on shaping the Sultanate's political trajectory and fostering alliances crucial for regional stability and growth.

Perak
In the 18th century, the Bugis people significantly influenced Perak's political landscape. Prominent Bugis leaders, such as Daeng Selili, were crucial in combating piracy along Perak's coast, earning titles like Orang Kaya Kaya Maharajalela and establishing their military prowess. Their efforts in stabilizing the region and forming strategic alliances through marriage integrated them into the local Malay ruling elite.

Beyond their military contributions, the Bugis shaped Perak's administrative and political structures. Key Bugis leaders were appointed to significant positions within the Perak Sultanate, highlighting their role in governance. Their integration into Perak's socio-political fabric through strategic marriages and defense contributions ensured a lasting impact on the state's history and stability.

Singapore
The Bugis were among the first groups to arrive in Singapore after the British established a trading settlement on the island in 1819. Shortly after the British arrival, a group of 500 Bugis, led by Chieftain Arong Bilawa, settled in Singapore, marking the beginning of Bugis influence in the region. By 1824, Bugis ships were frequently visiting Singapore, and the Bugis population on the island had grown to about 1,851, making up slightly more than 10 percent of the island’s population at the time. The Bugis played a crucial role in establishing Singapore as a key trading hub in the Malay Archipelago.

Other regions
Melaka, Terengganu, Patani.

The migration and integration of the Bugis into the Malay lands significantly influenced the socio-political landscape of the region. Their strategic alliances, military campaigns, and integration into local societies helped shape the histories of the Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang Sultanate, Selangor, and various kingdoms in Kalimantan. The Bugis played a dynamic role in the power dynamics of the Malay world, leaving a lasting legacy on the historical development of these regions.

forced labor
 Following the Bongaya Agreement and the Dutch conquest of Makassar, significant changes occurred in the trading landscape. The Dutch secured a monopoly in the region, forcing other European traders to leave. This monopoly extended to neighboring towns and areas previously under Makassar's control, now falling under Dutch jurisdiction. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) also imposed the use of Dutch currency throughout Sulawesi, solidifying their economic dominance in South Sulawesi.

Additionally, the Dutch enforced a system of forced labor ('rodi'), particularly for labor-intensive tasks like portering, often distancing individuals from their homes. This practice was seen as demeaning, especially by lower-ranking Bugis nobles who were not exempt from such labor. The resentment fueled rebellions among the Bugis, known for their independent spirit and aversion to subjugation, even by their own people. Consequently, some Bugis migrated to other parts of Indonesia and to the Malay Peninsula to escape these conditions.

cultural inclination
Bugis migration was also influenced by their cultural inclination towards travel and exploration. The Bugis have long been known for their seafaring skills, depicted in their epic literary work, La Galigo, which narrates the mythical journeys of Sawerigading across the seas. This wanderlust was further reinforced by the Bugis concept of 'siri,' encompassing pride, honor, and dignity. 'Siri' was central to Bugis identity, driving individuals to uphold their social standing and self-worth.

The concept of 'siri' masiri' reflects the Bugis' resilience in the face of adversity or personal mistakes, emphasizing the responsibility of male heads of households in securing their family's future. Restoring one's 'siri' required hard work and determination, traits deeply ingrained in Bugis culture.

Economically, Bugis migration was spurred by the desire for better opportunities. The burgeoning economic activities in the Malay Archipelago, particularly from the mid-19th century onward, presented prospects for land cultivation and trade. British and local authorities in Johor encouraged migration, contributing to the influx of Bugis settlers seeking economic advancement.

In summary, Bugis migration was driven by internal factors such as economic hardships, security concerns and political instability, alongside external factors like economic prospects and the allure of a better life in the Malay Archipelago. These dynamics shaped the historical and cultural landscape of the region, highlighting the Bugis community's resilience and adaptability in pursuit of a better future.

In popular culture

 * [Daeng Kuning http://gayong.freeservers.com/mhgrbiodata.htm]

Literature
https://jurcon.ums.edu.my/ojums/index.php/MANU/article/view/282 Hikayat  Upu   Daeng   Menambun  dan  Hikayat   Negeri   Joho https://jantungmelayu.co/2022/11/gurindam-dua-belas-akulturasi-dan-persebatian-melayu-bugis/ gurindam 12